In 1625, Romania was probably the biggest Principality to have ever existed.
The Imperium
After the victorious conclusion of the Romanian-Ottoman War, Romania had more than doubled its territory, from
362,000 km sq (140,000 sq mi) to
757,000 km sq (292,000 sq mi), had increased its population from about
3.5 million to more than
6.1 million and had begun to be rightfully considered a
Great Power by the other European Great Powers.
Under these new circumstances, the designation of Romania as a mere Principality began to be seen as inappropriate and it was decided to elevate the status of the Country and that of its Ruler.
While a
Kingdom (
Regat) would have been considered the obvious choice by an Occidental Nation, in Romania the word
King (
Rege) was seen as foreign and, even worse, equivalent to the title Mihai already had, that of
Lord (
Domn /
Domnitor).
In fact, only a single option remained, that of an
Imperium (
Imperiu), ruled by an
Imperator (
Împĕrat). Surely, the distinctions
Imperium vs.
Empire and
Imperator vs.
Emperor were at that time in the Occident at best blurry and the Romanians themselves simply did not care as the Romanian language lacked different words for those concepts anyway.
January 1625, Romania
While Mihai had returned to his Capital in yet another triumph and had once more passed through the Triumphal Arch, the Romanian Army had not, as his battle-hardened soldiers were still needed to guard and pacify the still restive New Provinces.
13 March 1625, Alba Iulia
The
death of Lady Stanca and Mihai's grief led to the postponement of the Imperial Proclamation, which was rescheduled for 12 August in order to coincide with the 24th anniversary of Romanian Unity.
7 May 1625, The Second Land Reform
All the soldiers who fought in the Anti-Ottoman War as well as the families of those who fell on the battlefields received large plots of land in the New Provinces, setting in motion the greatest human migration witnessed by that part of Europe in centuries.
Almost a million women and children would move to the New Provinces during the following years, joining their husbands and fathers in their new and prosperous households.
This would, of course, fundamentally alter Romania's demographic balance, creating Romanian majorities or at least pluralities in most Provinces.
One can only wonder if this had been intentional or just a consequence of the much needed Land Reform.
17 May 1625, The Nation's Capital Law
The Romanian Senate proposed to move the Capital of Romania to a new location, preferably in the middle of the Country and with easy access to the Danube.
A multidisciplinary comission of geographers, historians, engineers, economists and military strategists was given the task to choose an appropriate location.
Several possibilities were taken into consideration:
1. Sirmium, one of the ancient Capitals of the Roman Empire, the only one on Romanian Soil, now in ruins;
2. Singidun (Belgrade), the Capital of Servia;
3. Panciova (Pančevo), in Temișana;
4. Semendria (Smederevo), in Moesia;
5. Cuvin (Kovin), in Temișana;
6. Columbacu (Golubac), in Moesia;
7. Orșova, in Oltenia;
8. Claudia (Kladovo), in Moesia, in a strategic location in a bend of the Danube near the Carpathians;
9. Turnu Severin, in Oltenia;
10. Dunonia (Vidin), in Moesia;
11. Calafat, in Oltenia;
12. Rahova (Oryahovo), in Bulgaria;
13. Bechet, in Oltenia;
14. Corabia, in Oltenia;
15. Nicopole (Nikopol), in Bulgaria;
16. Turnu Măgurele, in Muntenia (Greater Wallachia);
17. Pojarevacĭ (Požarevac), in Moesia;
18. Craiova, the Capital of Oltenia;
19. a
New City, to be built on the banks of the Danube, or
20. leave the Capital at
Alba Iulia.
The deliberation would take several years, but archeological work began at Sirmium without delay.
During that time, the multidisciplinary comission was given another task: to find suitable locations for military and commercial Ports on each of the four Romanian Littorals: Black, Aegean, Ionian and Adriatic.
The first to be inaugurated would be:
-
Durațo (Durrës), in Albania, on the Adriatic Littoral;
-
Preveza, in Epir, on the Ionian Littoral, near the border with Greece;
-
Platamona, in Tessalia, on the Aegean Littoral, near the border with Greece;
-
Constanța, in Dobrogea, on the Black Sea Littoral;
-
Olbia (OTL Odessa), in Edisan, in a strategic location on the Black Sea Littoral.
The port of Portu, destroyed by the Ottomans in 1622, was almost completely abandoned in favour of the much easier to defend Olbia.
8-19 June 1625, The Greek Crisis
The relations between Romania and Greece had been quite frosty from the start for a variety of reasons:
1. Ecclesiastical. The Greek Patriarchy of Constantinople had rejected the Autocephaly of the Romanian Orthodox Church, had declared the Romanians heretics and had excommunicated them
en masse.
2. Blood. There was already blood between the Romanian and Greek former subjects of the Ottoman Empire. Before the Romanian-Ottoman War, the Romanians and Greeks had frequently clashed in the Ottoman Empire, priests and teachers had been killed, churches and schools had been burned and members of the Romanian Church had been forced to convert to the Greek Church and vice versa.
There was a general feeling of hatred and mistrust between the two communities, with the Bulgarians, Serbs and Albanians caught in between.
3. Names. Romania had been appalled when the nascent Greek State took the name
Basileia ton Rhomaion (Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων), i.e. Roman Empire, because the Romanians considered themselves to be the descendants of the Romans with the Greeks being nothing but impostors.
4. Territory. Being unable to capture the Eagean Littoral of Thrace, Romania kept the Eastern parts of Macedonia and Thessaly in order to enjoy the benefits of at least a short Aegean Littoral. The problem was that the Littoral area was inhabited mainly by Greeks, had been promised to Greece and would have assured a future land connection with Salonica and the Chalcidic Peninsula, also tentatively assigned to Greece.
5. Personal. Mihai had an almost irrational dislike and fear of the Greeks. (
Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes)
By late May, the situation became so tense that war seemed inevitable.
Romania and Greece began to mass troops at their common border, while negotiations to defuse the crisis were still taking place in Platamona.
The fact that Romania had almost 200,000 soldiers ready to invade while Greece had a total population of less than 500,000 people and only about 25,000 soldiers ready to defend their country forced the Greeks to finally acquiesce to the demands of the Romanians.
20 June 1625, Platamona, Romania
Treaty of Friendship and Good Neighbourhood
I. Romania and Greece vow to live in peace as friends and good neighbours, to refrain from any actions which could sour their relation in the future and to defer any possible issues that may appear between them to diplomacy rather than to the use of force.
II. Greece is a Principality called the Principality of the Hellenes (Πριγκιπάτο της Ελλαδας), or Hellas (Ελλαδα). The Greeks are called Hellens (Έλληνες). No names that could create an unwanted confusion between the Greeks and the Romanians or between their Countries are allowed.
III. The Romanians are the blood descendants of the Ancient Romans, while the Greeks are merely the descendants of the Ancient Greeks which were Roman Subjects and enjoyed Roman Citizenship.
IV. The Romanian Orthodox Church (with the Patriarchal Seat in Alba Iulia) and the Greek Orthodox Church (with the Patriarchal Seat in still Turkish occupied Constantinople) are equal, Autocephalous Orthodox Churches in full communion with each other.
V. The Greek Orthodox Church is the only legal Church in Greece.
VI. In Romania, all Christian Churches, including the Greek Orthodox Church, are free to function under the protection of the State.
VII. All Romanian subjects of Greek ethnicity should be members of the Greek Orthodox Church. An ethnic Greek is understood to be a man who usually speaks the Greek language at home with his wife and children.
VIII. All other Romanian subjects of Orthodox faith should be members of the Romanian Orthodox Church.
IX. Neither the Romanian Orthodox Church nor the Greek Orthodox Church is allowed to proselytize in the communities assigned to the other Church by this Treaty.
X. The Eastern part of the Romanian Province of Thessaly and the Eastern part of the Romanian Province of Lower Macedonia are Greek territories placed under the temporary administration of Romania. These Greek territories will be duly transferred to Greece after the expulsion of the Turks from Salonica, the Chalcidic Peninsula and Western Thrace.
XI. Salonica and the Chalcidic Peninsula are Greek territories under Ottoman occupation. Western Thrace and most of Eastern Thrace will be Romanian territories.
XII. In the event of the total collapse of the Ottoman State, Greece will receive ample territories in Asia Minor which are inhabited by Greeks.
XIII. Romania shall not annex Constantinople itself and the surrounding area. Greece is free to negotiate the future status of Constantinople with Sarmatia.
XIV. All Islands inhabited by Greeks should become Greek territory, including the ones under Venetian occupation, like Crete.
XV. In case of War against the Ottoman Empire, Romania and Greece will coordinate their war efforts under the leadership of Romania.
XVI. Romania is allowed to maintain a naval presence in selected Greek Islands. Romania shall pay to Greece a tax for the concession of the portuar installations.
XVII. No tariffs shall be paid for any goods imported and exported between Romania and Greece. Romanian and Greek merchants and traders shall not be hindered in any way while doing business in Greece and Romania, respectively.
XVIII. Romania and Greece are forever allied. Greece is under the benevolent protection of Romania.
Signed today, 20 June 1625 in Platamona by:
Romanian Plenipotentiary: ............
Greek Plenipotentiary: ............
Romanian Orthodox Church Plenipotentiary: ............
Greek Orthodox Church Plenipotentiary: ............
The Greek Crisis was thus defused.
February - July 1625, Romanian New Provinces
The Greeks, Albanians, Montenegrin Serbs, Croatians, Hungarians and Muslims were pacified.
The long process of integrating the New Provinces into Romania began.
The new borders with the Ottoman Empire, Greece, Venice, Croatia, Germany and Slovakia were marked and secured.
A few small slivers of land were ceded to Croatia since they were overwhelmingly populated with Catholic Croatians.
The Administrative Reform was finished. The newly acquired lands were divided into Județe, Provinces and informal Groups of Provinces. The minuscule Province of Eastern Thrace was probably established only in order to irritate the Ottomans.
A comprehensive population census was thoroughly conducted. While most probably biased, it was nonetheless the most accurate and comprehensive census ever completed in the whole World.
Census data were afterwards published and used for purposes of taxation, military conscription, building of schools and churches, economic development and statistics.
[Census data tables are already posted.]
According to the 1625 census:
- Romania had
6,125,000 inhabitants, of which
3,673,000 in the Old Provinces (60%) and
2,452,000 in the New Provinces (40%).
- By
Ethnicity, there were:
---
3,577,000 Romanians (58%), of which
2,746,000 in the Old Provinces (75%) and
831,000 in the New Provinces (34%).
---
450,000 Hungarians (7%)
---
372,000 Serbs (6%)
---
339,000 Bulgarians (6%)
---
307,000 Germans (5%)
---
227,000 Szeklers (4%)
---
223,000 Greeks (4%)
---
199,000 Albanians (3%)
---
143,000 Turks (2%)
---
125,000 Croats (2%)
---
63,000 Ruthenians (1%)
---
16,000 Tatars
---
10,000 Poles
---
10,000 Jews
---
6,000 Armenians
---
5,000 Slovaks
---
3,000 Italians
---
1,000 Georgians
---
39,000 Others / Unknown / Undefined
- By
Religion, there were:
---
3,972,000 Romanian Orthodoxes (65%)
---
902,000 Roman Catholics (15%)
---
718,000 Greek Orthodoxes (12%)
---
282,000 Lutherans (5%)
---
227,000 Muslims (4%)
---
24,000 Others (Russian Orthodoxes, Armenian Orthodoxes, Georgian Orthodoxes, Calvinists, Jews, Others)
- By
Status / Occupation, there were:
---
123,000 Nobles and
Clergy (2%)
---
473,000 Crafters and
Traders (8%)
---
5,469,000 Peasants and
Shepards (89%)
---
60,000 Others (1%)
- By
Citizenship, there were:
---
783,000 Romanian Citizens (13%)
---
604,000 Protected Citizens (10%), mainly Germans, Szeklers and Hungarians
---
4,687,000 Non-Citizens (77%)
---
51,000 Foreigners (1%)
The proportions of nobles, clergymen, crafters, traders, Romanian Citizens and Protected Citizens were much higher in the Old Provinces than in the New Provinces.
[For complete and detailed information by Province, see the Tables.]
August 1625, Alba Iulia
Tens of thousands of Romanians from all over the vast Romanian territories and hundreds of foreign guests continued to arrive in Alba Iulia, streching to the limit the city's capacity to absorb them.
Several Heads of State arrived in Alba Iulia as well, honouring Mihai and the Romanian Nation with their presence:
- Emperor Felipe of Iberia, Italia, Africa and the Americas;
- King Sigismund of Sarmatia with Queen Flora (Mihai's own daughter);
- The Princes of Slovakia, Croatia and Greece;
- The Doge of Venice;
- Several Italian Princes.
12 August 1625, Alba Iulia
The Proclamation of the Imperium (Proclamația Imperiului)
Article I. Romania is an Imperium of the Romanians. (România este un Imperiu al Românilor.)
Article II. Lord Mihailŭ is the Imperator of the Romanians. (Domnul Mihailŭ este Împĕratul Românilor.)
God save Romania and our Imperator! (Dumneḑeu să apere România și pe Împĕratul nostru!)
When the Speaker of the Senate appeared in the balcony of the Senate Palace overlooking the Union Square and read the Proclamation of the Imperium, the massive crowds erupted in cheers and applauses.
When Mihai himself appeared in the same balcony and waved, he was greeted enthusiastically by the masses: "
Să trăiești, Măria Ta!" (Long live, Your Majesty!)
After more than half an hour of relentless cheering during which Mihai was silent, he left the balcony and went to the banquet in honour of his guests.
At the same time, the crowds were entertained with music, dances, games, food and drinks in the open air venues specially designed for the momentuos event.
The celebrations continues for several days.
Romania was gigantic, populous, rich, powerful and respected as a Great Power. It was truly an
Imperium of the Romanians!