Keeping the British Liberal Party flag flying high

On 20 March 1939 Alfred Rosenberg, the foreign minister in the Goering regime, issued an ultimatum to Juozas Urbsys, the foreign minister of Lithuania, that Memelland must be handed over to Germany. Memelland was an autonomous area of Lithuania, but until 1919 it had been part of the German Empire and previously Prussia. [1]

After threats of military action the Lithuanian government agreed to the ultimatum and on 23 March Rosenberg and Urbsys signed a treaty transferring Memelland to Germany. In reality the Nazi controlled part of Germany. The British and French governments expressed verbal opposition, but they accepted the Nazi annexation.

[1] Here is a map of the area: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memelland_1923-1939.png.
 
In the evening of Sunday April 2 1939 President Beck and Chancellor Goerdeler broadcast on the Reich Broadcasting Corporation. They declared that they would die rather than surrender to the Nazis, and that the German government would never desert Berlin.

The next day the army commander-in-chief, Colonel-General Hammerstein-Equord, made Ludwig Renn responsible for the defence of Berlin. He was given the rank of colonel with command over the regular army and the people's militia in Berlin. The forty-nine year old Renn was born in Dresden into a Saxon noble family. He fought in the Great War on the Western Front. In the Spanish Civil War he had fought in the defence of Madrid as a leader in the Thalmann Battalion, and was later chief of staff of the eleventh International Brigade. [1] Renn organised the construction of barricades in the north, south and east of the city.

On the same day the Nazis advanced in Karow [here is a map of Karow: http://www.maplord.com/berlin/karow-map]. Renn contructed defensive lines along the Bahnhofstrasse [see above map]. After four days of intense fighting the Nazis broke through on 7 April [Good Friday] and advanced south-east to Blankenburg. Their advance was bitterly contested street by street. Here is a street view map: http://www.maplord.com/berlin/blankenburg-street-view. It looks fairly prosperous to me.

[1] Here is the wikipedia entry for Renn, with a photograph of him with Ernest Hemingway: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Renn.
 
When I saw the Berlin neighbourhood of Pankow being mentioned, I somehow get the feeling this Siege of Berlin will be made into a movie 70-80 years from then, which may or may not inspire tens of thousands of internet parody videos.

I don't think Beck and Goerdeler will be upset that a certain Steiner couldn't mobilize enough men to defend Berlin or a certain Fegelein deciding to desert the city defenses, but it just feels different without Hitler ranting. :D
 
When I saw the Berlin neighbourhood of Pankow being mentioned, I somehow get the feeling this Siege of Berlin will be made into a movie 70-80 years from then, which may or may not inspire tens of thousands of internet parody videos.

I don't think Beck and Goerdeler will be upset that a certain Steiner couldn't mobilize enough men to defend Berlin or a certain Fegelein deciding to desert the city defenses, but it just feels different without Hitler ranting. :D

Leni Riefenstahl was making a documentary film on the siege of Berlin for the German government, during the siege itself. It won widespread critical acclaim. It has become a classic. Here is her story so far in this TL: https://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=5747163&postcount=857.
 
On 3 April 1939 Michael Foot, son of the British Prime Minister, went to Berlin as a correspondent for the Manchester Guardian. He had previously been a reporter in Madrid for the News Chronicle. His lover, Martha Gellhorn, went with him. She was a reporter for Collier's Weekly, an American publication.

Starting at 5.15 pm on Good Friday, 7 April, Nazi Luftwaffe planes heavily bombed the Lehrter railway station in the centre of Berlin. It was the main station and was packed by people leaving Berlin for the Easter holiday. The train shed, the platforms, the concourse and the railway lines were all very badly damaged. Initial estimates were that eight to nine hundred people were killed or required hospital treatment.
 
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The bombing of the Lehrter station was the first attack by Nazi bombers in the centre of Berlin. The station was only a short distance north-east of the Brandenburg Gate. Here is the wikipedia entry about the station: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Central_Station#Lehrter_Bahnhof_from_1871_to_1958.

The station was completely destroyed in the bombing. After the German Civil War it was rebuilt, as much as possible in the same architectural style. In the concourse there is a sculpture by Kathe Kollwitz in memory of the victims of the bombing.
 
The bombing of the Lehrter station was extensively covered in all the media in free Germany and in the democracies. In the interviews with the survivors there was a noticeable theme of men and women who claimed that they been members of the National Socialist German Workers Party for up to fifteen or sixteen years, but now completely rejecting their former allegiance.

The daily live radio broadcasts by Edward Murrow for CBS from Berlin during the German Civil War are now classics of broadcast journalism. He began his reports with the phrase "This is Berlin", spoken with emphasis on the word this and a hint of a pause before the rest of the phrase.

The Goering regime in Konigsberg accused the Jews of being responsible for the Lehrter bombing. Their twisted argument was that the democratic revolution in Germany was instigated by the Jews and their willing dupes, and that if had not happened there would have been no civil war and no bombing. Only the most hardcore Nazis believed them.

The total number of casualties from the bombing were 439 killed [including those who later died from their injuries] and 872 injured enough to require hospital treatment.
 
In Berlin the cabinet met in emergency session on Saturday 8 April 1939. It was decided to close, until it became safe to reopen them, the railway stations in central Berlin, namely: Anhalter, Freidrichstrasse, Potsdam, Stettiner, and Zoo. The stations nearest to the city centre which remained open were Alexander Plaz to the east, and Charlottenburg to the west.

It was decided to resettle all those who wanted to leave Berlin in the west and south of Germany. Also provision would continue to be made for the resettlement of refugees from the Nazi advance.

At the time of the Revolution around 70-75 percent of the Luftwaffe stayed with the Nazis and the Goering regime. Fighter planes and pilots were an urgent priority. It was decided to appoint Harro Schulze-Boysen, an officer in the Luftwaffe intelligence division, as a military arrache at the German embassy in London. He was given the responsibility of negotiating with the British government the purchase of fighter aircraft and the recruitment of volunteer pilots. His wife, Libertas, was at one time a press officer for MGM in Germany, so she would be useful for making contacts in the film and media worlds.
 
On Friday 7 April 1939 Italian troops landed in Albania. They captured all the ports on the same day. Tirana, the capital, was occupied on the following day. By the 10th almost all the country had been occupied. On 12 April the Albanian parliament voted to depose King Zog and unite the nation with Italy by offering the Albanian crown to Victor Emmanuel III, who formally accepted on 17 April. All this was in OTL.

On 8 April the British government gave the following assurance to the Greek government that:
In the event of action being taken which clearly threatened the independence of Greece and which the Greek Government accordingly considered vital to resist with their armed forces, His Majesty's Government pledge themselves to immediately provide the Greek Government all support in their power.

A similar assurance was made in OTL, but not until 12 April.
 
The Battle of Berlin continued.
During the Easter weekend Nazi troops advanced street by street in the face of intense opposition south-west through Blakenburg. By Tuesday 11 April 1939 they had advanced into Plankow. Here is Plankow on a map of Berlin: http://www.maplord.com/berlin/districts, and scroll up. They were now only about four miles from the centre of Berlin.

Ludwig Renn, the commander of all free German forces in Berlin, ordered defensive positions be built extending east/west through and beyond the Volkspark Schonhalzer Heide. See this street map of Pankow: http://www.maplord.com/berlin/pankow-map.
 
pipisme

Sounds like its going to be bloody but think the Nazis simply have too many enemies.

Rather surprised that they were rash enough to demand Memel and that the Lithuanians conceded it at this point. Given their current position and that it isn't Adoph in charge I would have expected them to wait until their won the big war.

Good to see the assurance to the Greeks. Only concern is the wording. "action being taken which clearly threatened the independence of Greece and which the Greek Government accordingly considered vital to resist with their armed forces" This rather sounds like a blank cheque to the Greeks. I.e. if Greece decided that the Italian attack on Albania is a threat to their independence and which they consider vital to resist?

Steve
 
pipisme

Sounds like its going to be bloody but think the Nazis simply have too many enemies.

Rather surprised that they were rash enough to demand Memel and that the Lithuanians conceded it at this point. Given their current position and that it isn't Adoph in charge I would have expected them to wait until their won the big war.

Good to see the assurance to the Greeks. Only concern is the wording. "action being taken which clearly threatened the independence of Greece and which the Greek Government accordingly considered vital to resist with their armed forces" This rather sounds like a blank cheque to the Greeks. I.e. if Greece decided that the Italian attack on Albania is a threat to their independence and which they consider vital to resist?

Steve

Steve

As regards Memel, Goering assumed that Lithuania would give it up without a fight. Even fighting a civil war the Nazi armed forces were considerably bigger than those of Lithuania.

I have based the wording of the assurance to the Greek government on that given by the British government in OTL, which was also made to the Romanian government. These were announced by Neville Chamberlain in the House of Commons on 13 April 1939:
His Majesty's Government attact the greatest importance to the avoidance of disturbance by force or threats of force of the status quo in the Mediterranean and the Balkan Peninsula. Consequently they have come to the conclusion that, in the event of any action being taken which clearly threatened the independence of Greece or Roumania, and which the Greek or Roumanian Government respectively considered it vital to resist with their national forces, His Majesty's Government would feel themselves bound at once to lend the Greek or Roumanian Government, as the case might be, all the support in their power.
Quotation taken from the book Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Third Series Volume V 1939, edited by E.L. Woodward and Rohan Butler, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1952.

pipisme
 
On Easter Monday 10 April 1939 there was a large rally in Hyde Park, London, in support of the free German government. The organisers said there were up to 50,000 people, the police estimate was 10,000. The consensus among journalists was in the region of 25,000 to 30,000. The rally was addressed by leading figures from all political parties from the Conservatives leftwards, though leftwingers predominated. Among the speakers were Aneurin Bevan, Barbara Betts [better known in OTL as Barbara Castle], Sir Stafford Cripps, Hugh Dalton, Wiiliam Mellor. Rosa Bancroft also spoke, she was now getting used to public speaking.

A prominent place on the platform was given to men who had served in the International Brigade in the Spanish Civil War. They appealed for men to join the Solidarity Brigades attached to the free German armed forces.
 
Excellent. I hope that there are French and American volunteers as well. I wonder if Mussolini intends to provide support to Hitler?

Incidentally, how are the Nazi troops being supplied? Are the Soviets involved?

As always, wonderful stuff.
 
Excellent. I hope that there are French and American volunteers as well. I wonder if Mussolini intends to provide support to Hitler?

Incidentally, how are the Nazi troops being supplied? Are the Soviets involved?

As always, wonderful stuff.

Thank you very much for your appreciation of this TL.

There are French and American volunteers. From America there are the Abraham Lincoln brigade, comprised largely of veterans of the brigade of the same name in the Spanish civil war, and the Eugene Debs brigade. Woody Guthrie is going round the country singing at recruitment rallies for volunteers to fight for a free Germany.

Mussolini will do whatever is in the national interest of Italy. If the Nazis are defeated he would not be all that sorry. He could live with a democratic Germany as he did from 1922-1933. Though it would be in the interest of Italy to keep the German civil war going to distract from any Italian invasion of Greece and/or Yugoslavia. If the Nazis look like winning he will support them. The Nazi regime is headed by Goering. Or more accurately still is on 11 April 1939. Hitler was killed in the chancellery in Berlin during the anti-Nazi military coup/revolution on 15 March. See this post: https://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=5471867&postcount=764.

The Nazi troops kept the equipment they had at the time of the anti-Nazi revolution. They are also being supplied from factories in Nazi controlled Germany - that is east of the Oder and Neisse rivers.

The Soviet Union is neutral.
 
Reinhard Heydrich, the head of the SS in the Goering regime with its capital in Konigsberg, despised the Fuhrer as being a vain and fat drug addict. He wanted to be Fuhrer himself, but to arrange for the death of Goering in such a way that would enable him to blame the Jews.

After the November 1938 Pogrom 500 Jews left Konigsberg leaving a Jewish population in the city of 1,600. In the Jewish hospital for mentally retarded children and adults there was a man in his late teens called Jozef Steiner. He is a fictional character. He was the orphan son of an 'Aryan' father and a Jewish mother, and therefore designated as Jewish. Though he did not look stereotypically Jewish. He had an IQ of 73.

Heydrich devised a plan whereby Steiner would be persuaded that if he shot Goering dead he would be a hero and have everything he wanted. So Heydrich arranged for a junior SS officer to get into the hospital in civilian clothes and meet Steiner by claiming to be related to him. This officer took Steiner to meet Heydrich who assured Steiner that he was his friend and told him of his rewards if he shot Goering dead. Also that it was his sacred duty to kill Goering, who was an evil man and his enemy. Heydrich wore a wig of black hair to disguise himself. Steiner agreed to Heydrich's plan.

Over the next two weeks the junior SS officer trained Steiner in the use of a pistol. On the morning of Tuesday 11 April 1939 Heydrich met Steiner in the apartment of the junior officer, and told him that on the folowing afternoon Goering would be giving medals to wounded soldiers, and that was the time he must kill Goering. Heydrich gave Steiner an SS uniform to wear. In order to appear to be wounded, Heydrich put Steiner's left arm in a sling [he was left-handed] and told him to walk with a limp. He also put a bandage round Steiner'd head. He instructed Steiner to shoot Goering in his heart with a pistol as he was being presented to the Fuhrer. Heydrich and his [Steiner's] other friends would protect him from harm. Of course Heydrich had no intention of letting Steiner live and if somehow Steiner wounded, but did not kill Goering, he would do so in the
confusion.

At about 3.20 pm on the afternoon of 12 April Steiner was in the line of wounded SS soldiers waiting to be given a medal by Goering. Heydrich was standing next to the Fuhrer, with other SS officers. When Steiner reached Goering, Heydrich introduced him as a gallant soldier of the German army who had been wounded fighting for the Reich in Berlin against the Jewish/Marxist traitors. As Goering reached to pin a medal on Steiner's chest, Steiner shot him in the heart with his pistol which was hidden by his sling. Immediately Heydrich shot Steiner dead. Goering fell down mortally wounded. Heydrich and other SS officers gathered round Goering and formed a barrier round him. Just to make sure that Goering was dead, Heydrich shot him in the head.

Meanwhile an SS officer had searched the pockets of the uniform Steiner was wearing and found his identity papers which stated that he was a Jew. He told Heydrich who declared to all the people there that Goering had been murdered by a Jew disguised as a wounded soldier of the SS. In this grave crisis of the German people who have suffered the loss of their second Fuhrer within a month, he would assume the responsibility of Fuhrer. But the medal giving ceremony would continue.
 
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pipsme

Well on the plus side another change of leadership, along with the greater prominence the SS is likely to gain, might weaken support for the Nazis. On the other hand Heydrich might be a smarter and more dangerous opponent. Also its not going to be nice for any Jews in Nazi controlled territory.:(

Steve
 
Heydrich appointed Karl Wolff from deputy head of the SS to its head. [1] Otherwise he made no other changes to his regime or to the Nazi power structure, except those in the SS made necessary by the promotion of Wolff.

Late at night on 12 April a detachment of SS personnel entered the Jewish hospital in Konigsberg in which Jozef Steiner was a patient. They set fire to it by dousing petrol throughout the hospital buildings. Any staff or patients who were not burnt to death were shot dead by the SS. Around 130 people were killed. After fires had been burning for some time the fire brigade were allowed to go to the hospital.

[1] Here is Wolff's entry in Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wolff.
 
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