With The Crescent Above Us

So Ghandi seems to be a very different person TTL,interesting
So you mentioned how Australia opposed the Resuurgentist Conservatives, but what about other regions such as Ireland, Canada or the other colonies? I
m curious to hear how this crash affects everyone else.
 
Marching an army through Afghanistan into Central Asia? If they lose, the march back is going to be awful.

That didn't work out well for them in 1842. And if India also rises up behind the lines, it could be an even worse nightmare.

I wonder if India is headed for a supercharged version of the Irish Troubles, with the nationalist groups not yet strong enough to take on the British army in a pitched battle but capable of carrying out small-scale actions that go far beyond conventional terrorism. They might not be able to throw the British out of India yet, but they may be able to reduce the Raj's control to the areas where it actually has boots on the ground.
 
Looking forward to revisiting our heroes in Zanzibar. Additionally, anything on Algeria given this TL's France would be particularly interesting, to myself at least.

I think a nominal/ceremonial personal-union between the Ottoman Empire and Indonesia might set a dangerous precedent for other autonomy-movements like in Egypt? Or are they more surely integrated by this point? I think its very plausible, though.

Keep up the amazing work, Nassir.
 
On what grounds are critics of the Resurgent-dominated Conservative Party being arrested? If you want a crisis with the judiciary and possibly even the monarchy, gratuitously interfering with the rights of British subjects is a way to do it.
Usually on trumped-up and spurious charges, as there is no single law yet (though there are moves toward it) that allows detainment without charge.
The monarch technically has the power to dissolve the government, but the British members seem to think there'd be hell to pay if they tried. However, if the British government is acting this way toward actual Britons (as opposed to Indians and the like), there might actually be support for the king in doing so.

And since the military technically swears allegiance to the monarch and not the elected government, that could give the government pause if they try to defy the monarch.
Normally the Monarch would oppose this but unfortunately, the current Monarch (Henry IX, the TTL brother of Edward VIII, but not his other brother Henry) sympathises somewhat with the resurgence movement, which means that there is no will among the monarch to exercise what little prerogative power it has left to arrest the rise of authoritarian government in the UK.
Also, about enfranchising the working class, a whole lot of them had been enfranchised already:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1867

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Reform_Act

(This might've been butterflied, but since it's close to the POD, it might pass anyway.)

However, are you saying that this:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918

Got butterflied away by the different war?
Indeed I am. About 40% of UK males remain unenfranchised, and the economic devastation after the Great London Crash have increased these numbers somewhat. This is leading to a lot of anger toward the government.
Marching an army through Afghanistan into Central Asia? If they lose, the march back is going to be awful.

I do like how you're setting up Australia for a breach with Britain. Maybe instead of having the Conservatives overreach by having critics jailed, perhaps you could have Australia as a refuge for draft evaders and people who find the political climate uncomfortable.

(Also, if much of the working class remains disenfranchised, you could have agitation there and crackdowns invoking the Riot Act, prompting political refugees from that quarter. Also, suffragette agitation--and the government response--could get pretty nasty OTL, so that's another issue.)

If Australia openly breaks with Britain, they might need a new patron sooner rather than later. Japan is closer, but it's not white and not Christian and Australia at the time was incredibly racist. The US might be better. :D
The British are taking an awful risk in their attack on Central Asia. But they don't quite know just how high the stakes are yet.

Australia is increasingly becoming a refuge. In TTL, it may very well end up as the most liberal of the Dominions, and if it diverges from Britain's path politically, may well end up seeking a new patron. The US is turned in on itself for now, and other major powers are simply too far away, so it will be interesting to see what happens here.
So Ghandi seems to be a very different person TTL,interesting
So you mentioned how Australia opposed the Resuurgentist Conservatives, but what about other regions such as Ireland, Canada or the other colonies? I
m curious to hear how this crash affects everyone else.
Gandhi is indeed very different. He still eschews the idea of a full-on war of independence, though now that more senior leaders are free once again, his influence isn't quite as powerful and events are running away with themselves now.

Ireland will be getting its own update in the not too distant future, as events in India are going to have a big effect on Ireland. The Irish have had limited contact with the Indian National Congress, and don't be surprised if you see some members of the IRA providing some support to Indians fighting for independence. The Canadians are somewhat less opposed to the British, feeling the need to have protection in the face of instability in its southern neighbour. South Africa has its own considerations and interests, and will receive at least some space in a update soon.
That didn't work out well for them in 1842. And if India also rises up behind the lines, it could be an even worse nightmare.

I wonder if India is headed for a supercharged version of the Irish Troubles, with the nationalist groups not yet strong enough to take on the British army in a pitched battle but capable of carrying out small-scale actions that go far beyond conventional terrorism. They might not be able to throw the British out of India yet, but they may be able to reduce the Raj's control to the areas where it actually has boots on the ground.
This will be the situation in India for at least a few years. Britain will be unable to fully extinguish the flame of Indian resistance but at the same time, the Indian rebels will not be able to confront the British in open battle. It will take outside intervention for the war to take a truly decisive turn.
Looking forward to revisiting our heroes in Zanzibar. Additionally, anything on Algeria given this TL's France would be particularly interesting, to myself at least.

I think a nominal/ceremonial personal-union between the Ottoman Empire and Indonesia might set a dangerous precedent for other autonomy-movements like in Egypt? Or are they more surely integrated by this point? I think its very plausible, though.

Keep up the amazing work, Nassir.
Well, not to spoil too much, but Ahmad and Rachid will one day return to Algeria, but I won't say under what circumstances. The Algerians are quashed for now but as the Third Republic moves back to Metropolitan France following the downfall of Red France, the Algerians may very well make another bid for independence again.

Egypt was actually more culturally integrated into the Ottoman Empire than places like Iraq in OTL. Most Egyptians are reasonably satisfied with the current order of things, though their special privileges are less exceptional now as provincial natives are taking a larger role provincial government.
 
The US is turned in on itself for now, and other major powers are simply too far away, so it will be interesting to see what happens here.

There were thousands of Civil War vets still alive in the late 1930s and people whose parents and grandparents fought the Indians.

(There's a line in the movie "Codetalkers" in which a belligerent Texan ponders how his grandfather said there were bounties for Comanche like they were "gophers" and that's several years later.)

The Manifest Destiny might not be quite dead, especially since there's no Filipino War in TTL to leave a sour taste in the public's mouth for overt imperialism.

If Britain goes straight-up fascist and Australia declares independence, I could imagine Americans opposed to fascistic Britain (in TTL the US will probably be more anti-British, since there's no shared struggle in WWI, and that's WITHOUT the fascism) and desirous of overseas adventurism and even colonial expansion seeking to come to Australia's aid.

(Not suggesting Australians would want to become Americans, but a closer relationship between the two--mostly--white and Christian peoples seems doable. And if it gives the US the chance to take British colonies in the Pacific, even better. Does the US have Hawaii in TTL?)

And Australians fearing the wrath of the Royal Navy and Black and Tans coming to Australia might encourage this to protect themselves if nothing else. "Better red, white, and blue than dead." :)
 
The war propaganda for fighting Britain in Australia's defense just writes itself. Lots of references to 1776, replace King George III with this King Henry, perhaps throw in a reference to the US then and Australia now being a reference from Europe's wars and conscription, etc.

Heck, wasn't Churchill a US citizen? If the US ever gets its hands on him, he could be tried for treason. :eek:
 

Deleted member 67076

So the *Depression era has started and the British empire is under immense pressure, possibly about to break apart.

Can't wait to see how this unfolds.
 

Razgriz 2K9

Banned
The Manifest Destiny might not be quite dead, especially since there's no Filipino War in TTL to leave a sour taste in the public's mouth for overt imperialism.

Cuba would like to have a word with you...

If Britain goes straight-up fascist and Australia declares independence, I could imagine Americans opposed to fascistic Britain (in TTL the US will probably be more anti-British, since there's no shared struggle in WWI, and that's WITHOUT the fascism) and desirous of overseas adventurism and even colonial expansion seeking to come to Australia's aid.

(Not suggesting Australians would want to become Americans, but a closer relationship between the two--mostly--white and Christian peoples seems doable. And if it gives the US the chance to take British colonies in the Pacific, even better. Does the US have Hawaii in TTL?)

And Australians fearing the wrath of the Royal Navy and Black and Tans coming to Australia might encourage this to protect themselves if nothing else. "Better red, white, and blue than dead." :)

Maybe so, but I dare Great Britain to try and fight its way through Australia...
 
Cuba would like to have a word with you...

There was a Cuban War analogous to the Filipino War in TTL? I must've missed something.

If you're talking about OTL, annexing Cuba after claiming the war was fought for their freedom would have been too much. The Philippines were a different matter.
 
Maybe so, but I dare Great Britain to try and fight its way through Australia...

Where did most of Australia's population live at this point in history? In the present day, Australia is one of the most urbanized societies on Earth.

The British could try to bring them to heel by shelling Sydney a la the Germans forcing the Dutch to surrender by bombing Rotterdam.
 

Razgriz 2K9

Banned
There was a Cuban War analogous to the Filipino War in TTL? I must've missed something.

If you're talking about OTL, annexing Cuba after claiming the war was fought for their freedom would have been too much. The Philippines were a different matter.

Thing was, that was what they did exactly. They claimed to have fought for Cuban Independence, only to out right annex the island when the war was over. Amusingly, the Philippines remained Spanish after the war, and won independence around the turn of the 20th century.
 
The British empire is doomed but at least it's fall will be an interesting one to watch. Armies defeated in Central Asia to the descendant of the Khans, whole divisions wiped out in ambushes in Afghanistan, India a bloody massacre, the Dominions hating the Britush more and, more, Asia ready to throw out the British forever. The British home islands rife with Labor riots, Liberals and Irish nationalists. Lol this is like the Fall of Rome except ppl from New York to Istanbul can pay a dime for a coke and go watch the news reels in the movie theaters of what's happening(with bias of course)

Istanbul reel: Proud Muslims, and Turkmen fight against the British hoard
London reel: Brave boys defend against the godless savages

Lol maybe the resurgence could attack the Ottomans, Aceh, Zanzibar, and Sokota? I mean the grasp on reality doesn't seem to exsist in them(when has it ever in fascists besides Franco?) I could totally see bs justifications too like "we can't rule the Moslems of our empire as long as they look to these nations for authority".
 
Well, not to spoil too much, but Ahmad and Rachid will one day return to Algeria, but I won't say under what circumstances. The Algerians are quashed for now but as the Third Republic moves back to Metropolitan France following the downfall of Red France, the Algerians may very well make another bid for independence again.

I'm sorry, but Red France has absolutely no reason to fall so soon (or, indeed, even at all), barring an outright invasion (which, for those same reasons, would be essentially doomed to fail in at most a few years).

Also, could we please have the British invasion of Central Asia fail so spectacularly as to make 1842 look tame by comparison? The total or near-total destruction of the British Army as a fighting force could be in the cards, and all the captured equipment would be a huge boon to the Central Asian khanates.
 
I'm sorry, but Red France has absolutely no reason to fall so soon (or, indeed, even at all), barring an outright invasion (which, for those same reasons, would be essentially doomed to fail in at most a few years).

Nassir has already hinted in the agricultural update that Red France won't last long. Maybe there's some kind of leadership dispute that turns into a circular firing squad--whoever survives the purges is too weak to hold onto power and there's a negotiated reunion of Metropolitan France and France Abroad.

(I'm thinking something analogous to the Restoration in England.)
 
SPOILERS!!! :D

I'm awaiting the France/France Abroad update more readily.
I'm going to try and update certain parts of the war before getting into the detail of Britain's colonial wars in Asia. It won't be in the too-distant future now.
There were thousands of Civil War vets still alive in the late 1930s and people whose parents and grandparents fought the Indians.

(There's a line in the movie "Codetalkers" in which a belligerent Texan ponders how his grandfather said there were bounties for Comanche like they were "gophers" and that's several years later.)

The Manifest Destiny might not be quite dead, especially since there's no Filipino War in TTL to leave a sour taste in the public's mouth for overt imperialism.

Cuba would like to have a word with you...
Cuba has indeed done much to besmirch the name of Imperialism within the United States, as has the growing popularity of socialism in the states as well. Although there is a growing movement of those wanting the US to throw its weight around more seriously on the international stage, they are not important enough in policy for the time being.

If Britain goes straight-up fascist and Australia declares independence, I could imagine Americans opposed to fascistic Britain (in TTL the US will probably be more anti-British, since there's no shared struggle in WWI, and that's WITHOUT the fascism) and desirous of overseas adventurism and even colonial expansion seeking to come to Australia's aid.

(Not suggesting Australians would want to become Americans, but a closer relationship between the two--mostly--white and Christian peoples seems doable. And if it gives the US the chance to take British colonies in the Pacific, even better. Does the US have Hawaii in TTL?)

And Australians fearing the wrath of the Royal Navy and Black and Tans coming to Australia might encourage this to protect themselves if nothing else. "Better red, white, and blue than dead." :)
The Americans, whatever route they go down, are unlikely to be keen on the British, and may likely see parallels between the ARW and the war in India. Ties between the Americans and Australia aren't too strong for the time being (with the Americans having less of a presence in Asia) and so American-Australian relations largely depend on how the '30s and '40s pan out.

I don't see real British action against Australia as likely, even if there is a full-on diplomatic break off. The British already have more than enough on their plate, and the last thing that they need is more enemies. The US does have Hawaii in TTL, but they were never had the opportunity to take bases like Guam, which are now in German hands following a purchase from the Spanish.
The war propaganda for fighting Britain in Australia's defense just writes itself. Lots of references to 1776, replace King George III with this King Henry, perhaps throw in a reference to the US then and Australia now being a reference from Europe's wars and conscription, etc.

Heck, wasn't Churchill a US citizen? If the US ever gets its hands on him, he could be tried for treason. :eek:
Support Australia - America 2.0? Something along these lines perhaps. Certainly, the propaganda writes itself. America has to actually get into such a war in the first place though.
So the *Depression era has started and the British empire is under immense pressure, possibly about to break apart.

Can't wait to see how this unfolds.
This time though, the British Empire isn't going down without a fight. No winds of change recognition here.
This is awesome
Many thanks!
Where did most of Australia's population live at this point in history? In the present day, Australia is one of the most urbanized societies on Earth.

The British could try to bring them to heel by shelling Sydney a la the Germans forcing the Dutch to surrender by bombing Rotterdam.
If my mental book of stereotypes is any indication, a good number of Australians still lived in rural areas at this point, though there's a good number of urban dwellers too.
Thing was, that was what they did exactly. They claimed to have fought for Cuban Independence, only to out right annex the island when the war was over. Amusingly, the Philippines remained Spanish after the war, and won independence around the turn of the 20th century.
The Americans broke Spanish power in the Spanish-American war but wasn't able to reap the full rewards as she did OTL (the Spanish in OTL's war actually proved themselves to have a qualitative advantage over the Americans, and this screwed her over in the Philippines TTL).
The British empire is doomed but at least it's fall will be an interesting one to watch. Armies defeated in Central Asia to the descendant of the Khans, whole divisions wiped out in ambushes in Afghanistan, India a bloody massacre, the Dominions hating the Britush more and, more, Asia ready to throw out the British forever. The British home islands rife with Labor riots, Liberals and Irish nationalists. Lol this is like the Fall of Rome except ppl from New York to Istanbul can pay a dime for a coke and go watch the news reels in the movie theaters of what's happening(with bias of course)

Istanbul reel: Proud Muslims, and Turkmen fight against the British hoard
London reel: Brave boys defend against the godless savages

Lol maybe the resurgence could attack the Ottomans, Aceh, Zanzibar, and Sokota? I mean the grasp on reality doesn't seem to exsist in them(when has it ever in fascists besides Franco?) I could totally see bs justifications too like "we can't rule the Moslems of our empire as long as they look to these nations for authority".
Although the eventual outcome of the war shouldn't really be a surprise to anyone, I'm going to try and make the downfall of the British Empire one hell of a ride. Britain's position will be more or less doomed when the Indians can secure enough territory and enough arms to start mounting a conventional war against the British, but they're a long way away from that yet. The contacts that the Indians have built across Asia will be instrumental in securing their eventual independence.

The shared struggle (and the aid given to Muslim countries in winning India's independence) will do much to take the edge off of Hindu nationalism in this India. The spirit of hatred and mistrust that led to partition, the Indo-Pakistani wars and the numerous pogroms that followed these are likely to be absent. There will still be religious tension, though it is unlikely that these will end as catastrophically as they did OTL.

The resurgents may well attack Muslim countries they identify as being supporters, following in a proud fascist tradition of ill-advised adventures on spurious casus belli.
I'm sorry, but Red France has absolutely no reason to fall so soon (or, indeed, even at all), barring an outright invasion (which, for those same reasons, would be essentially doomed to fail in at most a few years).

Also, could we please have the British invasion of Central Asia fail so spectacularly as to make 1842 look tame by comparison? The total or near-total destruction of the British Army as a fighting force could be in the cards, and all the captured equipment would be a huge boon to the Central Asian khanates.

Nassir has already hinted in the agricultural update that Red France won't last long. Maybe there's some kind of leadership dispute that turns into a circular firing squad--whoever survives the purges is too weak to hold onto power and there's a negotiated reunion of Metropolitan France and France Abroad.

(I'm thinking something analogous to the Restoration in England.)


Red France isn't going to be collapsing from the inside. I won't spoil too much, though it will be a coalition that brings down Red France in the end, as well as its own internal instability.

Britain's expedition into Central Asia certainly isn't going to be pretty. They underestimate the general hatred that the Afghans still hold for them, the competence of Khiva's army and the difficulties that maintaining a force over hundreds of miles of hostile territory actually entails. Be fair warned Britwankers. :p
 
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Robert Turner; Rising Colossus – A History of the United States until 1936 (New York: Republic Publishing, 2001)

The Colossus Stumbles – America in the wake of the Great London Crash


The United States had been suffering from political instability for some time before the Great London Crash. With the low-level insurgency in Cuba, as well as socialist-inspired stoppages and protests at home, the government of the United States faced increasing difficulty even during the economic boom times. Neither the Democrats nor the Republicans seemed capable of establishing a popular government, which led to a number of lame duck presidents. Deep economic and social issues in the US went unresolved due to the pre-occupation of presidents with avoiding the powerlessness that had hampered those who had gone before them.

In the background of these mounting issues, the Socialist parties were becoming increasingly popular with common people. In the context of poor working conditions and widespread poverty in American cities, the seemingly bold solutions advocated by the socialists stood in harsh contrast to the “politics as usual” that seemed to be advocated by the Democrats and Republicans. In the presidential election of 1932, the Socialists made history by coming second in the vote, displacing the Republican party. The Democrats and Republicans decided to make an electoral pact, which seemed to harken the return of a united Democratic - Republican Party to halt the growing socialist threat. The alliance seemed to be enough to deny the socialists any serious hope of winning an election and forming a government.

However, this was before the Great London Crash. Following the crash, even many who had done well out of the economic boom now found themselves facing immense hardship. Millions lost their jobs when factories shut down and companies went bust, and the flow back into agriculture was hampered by the “Dust Bowl”, which made previously productive agricultural land unable to support cultivation. It seemed as if a perfect storm had hit the world’s richest country, which now left the Democratic - Republican Party tottering in the face of a renewed socialist threat. The economic depression which had followed the Great London Crash had now finally given the socialists enough support to challenge even the combined might of the Democratic and Republican parties. It now seemed that America’s march toward socialism was in its final stages.

The Democratic - Republican Party attempted numerous measures to arrest the growth of the Socialist party. While some such as Huey Long advocated the implementation of a welfare state to take away the allure of Socialism, the rank and file of the parties preferred laws to strengthen individualism which was felt to be under threat from an un-American socialism. While the elite certainly supported these moves, this did not garner the party much love from the working class of America, which was increasingly anti-elite, anti-capitalist (which had led to the consolidation of most of America’s vast wealth in the hands of a wealthy few in their view) and above all, anti-Democrat-Republican. Huge warning lights came for the party when the Congressional elections of 1934 saw the Socialists come to power in the house, though the Democratic-Republican party maintained a comfortable majority in the Senate.

It has long been argued that they failed to see the warning that this was, and they continued a “business as usual” economic policy. This failed to help economic growth, and indeed the economy continued to decline in 1935 and 1936. Unemployment rose and the standard of living fell drastically for most Americans. By the time the presidential election of 1936 came along, the Democratic - Republican Party which only a few decades ago had dominated nearly all of the American electorate as separate parties was heading for a fall. They could rely only on a relatively narrow coalition of farmers, the self-employed, imperialists and the upper-middle classes. The Socialists meanwhile commanded the support of most working people in America, Blacks who had the vote, and urban immigrant groups.

The presidential election of 1936 would prove to be one of the most harshly contested in US history. The socialists promised a new dawn, in which the working man would get a fair shake and that the fortunes of the “Gilded class” would be more fairly distributed. The Democrat-Republicans on the other hand presented themselves as the guardians of the American way, arguing that only they could bring the American dream back to a reality, and that Socialism would doom the US into a France-like spate of violence and recrimination. Although the polls weren’t interfered with greatly, the election was marred by violence, as rivals clashed in the streets of many American cities. Both parties failed to explicitly condemn the violence, which was seen by some as an invitation to more violence. Around a thousand people died in the clashes on Election Day and the days immediately following.

As the polls around the country came in, it appeared as though the worst fears of many had been realised and the Socialists had won a majority of the vote. Although most states were comfortably Democratic-Republican, the big states such as New York, Pennsylvania and Illinois were comfortably Socialist. Many Americans refused to acknowledge the results of the election, openly vowing to ignore the government when the Socialists formally came to power in January. American cities on the other hand were centres of elation, as many working-class Americans finally felt like there was a serious chance of an improvement in their daily lives. Nevertheless, tensions remained high in the run-up to the inauguration of America’s first Socialist President, Ulysses Nelson, and few dared to guess at what would happen in the coming months.

The transition of power appeared to be a relatively smooth one. Although the outgoing Democrat-Republican president refused to accompany Ulysses to his inauguration, the ceremony itself happened without any significant problems. The markets which had been holding their breath over the winter breathed a sigh of relief as the transition appeared to be stable. However, the Socialists would overreach in the coming months throwing America’s stability once more into serious jeopardy. President Nelson enacted a wide range of legislation aimed at improving worker’s rights, pay and lives while simultaneously weakening the hold that the “gilded class” had on the American economy. The stock markets panicked, which now precipitated a further economic decline, angering many industrialists and businessmen.

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The feared Ku Klux Klan​

Rumblings from other areas of society now started to be heard. Although urban workers were pleased at the performance of the Socialist government, many rural workers felt ignored by what was a largely urban-focused government. Landowners who now found themselves squeezed by a worsening economy and the better wages they had to provide to their workers were incensed, as were Southern Whites who resented the Socialist’s moves toward improving the lot of Southern blacks. In this climate, extremist groups such as the “Ku Klux Klan” and the “True Americans Army” grew in popularity, with the Ku Klux Klan peaking at around four million members in 1937. These groups sought the direct weakening of the Socialist government and a return to what they considered as true American values. However, this all-too-often resulted in attacks on Blacks and other defenceless groups. At one point, federal troops were brought in to protect Black communities in Southern cities, but rural Blacks often had no such protection.

Extremist groups also began to see common ground with the “Resurgence” movement in the United Kingdom, identifying Muslim Blacks in particular as a threat toward Anglo-Saxon American society. The “threat” and even numbers of these Black Muslims was magnified, as the community numbered little over 100,000 by 1936. Nonetheless, mosques were target across the South, and the killings became so common that it had attracted the ire of the Muslim Caliph, who offered the federal government support in suppressing these extremists, an offer which was politely rejected by the government.

As 1937 came to a close, groups in opposition to the Socialists had grown immensely in power. Funded by the wealthy, supported by farmers and relatively well-armed, they decided that the Socialists would have to be removed by force before they had fundamentally changed the nature of American society. It looked as if another Civil War was brewing as militias across the United States moved against government targets. The Government ordered the army against these militias, but was met with widespread desertion, and in some cases the troops even join the militias. The army had ceased to be loyal following what were seen as the imposition of unconstitutional laws banning public assembly in certain circumstances. The Militias marched on Washington in the February of 1938 and Ulysses Nelson made an undignified retreat to Mexico by plane.

There was much protest against this turn of events by urban workers, but when faced with a far better armed opposition in the form of the Militias, urban protests were soon quelled. The coup of 1938 had shook America to its core. A new government was formed, and new elections were promised in 1940, but many doubted that these elections would indeed be fair. The economy had well and truly tumbled, with industrial output at barely half of its 1936 level, and with investors packing up and moving elsewhere. Emigration from the United States for the first time outnumbered immigration to it in 1938, which more than anything marked the decline of America. In the end, the American colossus that had been anticipated at the dawn of the 20th century had been felled not by outside forces but by her own internal instability. It would be a long time before America would recover her standing in the world.


******

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Hussain Javadi; Decisive Revolutions of the 20th Century (Mashhad: Farahani Publishing, 2011)

The Downfall of Red France


Red France had spent the early 1930s trying to preserve ineffective means of production and organization rather than innovating as Socialism Mexico had done. Internal criticism was silenced as production now failed to meet the expectations of the government. Official estimates were continually revised downward, and people’s resentment began to pick up due to this. Socialism was increasingly failing to provide an increased standard of living for most people and when this was combined with the increasingly harsh political repression that was seen as the 1920s move into the ‘30s, the bases of support for Red France were slipping away. This left the government of Red France increasingly exposed in a more dangerous international situation.

This was of little consolation to the Third Republic in exile in Algeria. They were watching political developments in Metropolitan France with glee, though were not in a position themselves to effect political change. Their forces remained insufficient to launch an invasion of Metropolitan France and they were unsure of the prospect of help from loyalists within France. Pétain began the search for allies in a Europe that was increasingly appalled at the situation within Red France. In order to do this, he would have to make some sacrifices, which included Nice and Savoy, though by 1933, he had built a coalition capable of threatening Red France.

The Italians had been relatively easy to bring on board. For a withdrawal of French claims to Nice and Savoy, the Italians promised to put a hundred thousand men in the field, as well as to provide the use of their impressive air force. The permanent surrender of French territory was a hard proposition for Pétain to stomach, though it would prove to be a price well worth it. Britain was somewhat harder to bring into the coalition. Frederick Edwin-Smith was wary of expending British manpower for what was concluded to be a non-essential policy, though Winston Churchill who followed him was far more keen on the defeat of Socialism in Europe, as well as intrigued by the possibility of a British-friendly France to serve as another bloc to German ambitions.

Germany refused to partake in any coalition to stop Red France. Although her own military establishment was keen on the idea of fighting Socialism, the political establishment of the country was split, and the Socialist party disavowed the idea of fighting against a Socialist country, even if it was one whose policies had been “perverted by extremism”. The increasing pacifist current in German society also seemed to be in direct conflict with the willingness of the Junkers to partake in a grand European coalition against Socialism. While this was certainly a blow to Pétain, he had already judged that German support was not totally necessary for the recovery of Metropolitan France.

It was in 1933 that the first amphibious landings took place in Metropolitan France. Forces of the Third Republic landed near Fréjus in the south, which was the signal for Italian forces to cross the border in the East, and for mixed British and Third Republic Forces to make landings near Calais. Although the government of Red France had been expecting an invasion for some time, they were taken aback by the scale of the operations arrayed against them. They once again called up the “People’s Militias” which had been instrumental in defeating Pétain during the Revolution, though fewer men had attended the standards than was expected, and they were facing a critical manpower shortage.

The Government enacted conscription to make up for the shortfall in men, though this often led to young Frenchmen escaping the villages and living rough in mountains and forests. The decline in popularity that was discussed before now turned out to be a critical component in the ability of Red France (or lack thereof) to prosecute war. Nevertheless, she had still managed to call around a million men to the banners, and enacted a defence. The South was falling to the combined forces of the Third Republic and Italy fairly easily, as Pétain still commanded sympathy in this region, though Red French forces were more successful in the North, where they were managing to hold the line against the British and the Third Republic here.

For a while, it appeared as if Red France might have been preserved. The situation in the South had stabilized, and it appeared as if they might be able to annihilate a substantial portion of the forces facing them in the North. However, this all changed at the Second Battle of Lyon. Pétain had not expected for the battle to be such a great success, though there had been an overestimation of Red French forces in the area, and what was intended to be a minor spoiling attack turned into a success that saw Lyon in the hands of the Third Republic. With two of France’s largest three cities in Pétain’s hands, prospects for Red France now looked considerably weaker. In the North, their forces were finally forced to pull back in the wake of British reinforcements and in the south, their forces seemingly melted away in the face of declining morale and increasingly confident Third Republic forces.

The Central Committee of Red France intended to put up a last fight around Paris. However, many of the military officials did not wish to see Paris destroyed in a futile fight, and the army of Red France unilaterally surrendered on the 14th of May, 1934. Pétain and the forces of the Third Republic entered Paris Triumphantly on the 17th of the same month. The governments of Italy and Britain also benefitted, as the war had not been a particularly long or costly one, as the forces of the Third Republic had bared the brunt of the casualties and the industrial resources of the coalition had ensured that they were able to prosecute a combined-arms war in a way that Red France was unable to. Italy was now once again thought of as a key factor in Mediterranean politics, and Britain’s army had been able to take a much needed crash-course in modern warfare.

In France itself, Pétain went about carefully reconstructing the Third Republic as it had been prior to the Great European War. He was able to do this on a wave of nostalgia and popular dissatisfaction with Red France, though there was criticism in that he did not enact an immediate return to Democracy. Farmers were once again pleased that they were the masters of their own land, and the wave of money flooding into the state’s coffers following the privatisation of French industry meant that reconstruction did not significantly increase France’s debt. France appeared to be facing the rest of the 1930s in a rather good position. Even Socialists in France appeared to had resigned themselves to working within a democratic framework, which seemed to promise a new period of political stability for France.

However, this disguised a number of problems for France. No matter what progress had been made in improving political stability within France, resentment in Algeria was now increasing as the Colons were once again let off of the leash. Although many Frenchman assumed that there was a long period of peace to enjoy, France would once again find herself to be pulled into a greater world conflict, and it would be one which would have just as big an effect as the Great European War had done.


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Letter From the Emir of Khiva to the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire


Revered Sultan and Caliph,

It was not too long ago that your soldiers took up arms to remove the Russians who had long maintained a harmful presence, harshly oppressing the Muslims and imposing the superiority of Christian rule upon them. The Ottoman Empire shall be forever celebrated around the world for their brave defence of those unable to defend themselves.

However, the Muslims of Central Asia, the homeland of your Turkish ancestors now face a threat just as severe as that of the Russians in the Caucasus. The British have mounted an enormous expedition to crush the free and independent peoples of Central Asia, bringing artillery and planes to pulverise the ancient cities that have stood since the times of Genghis Khan. Once again, forces hostile to Islam are rising, and it is the duty of all Muslims to stand against it.

Already, many of your countrymen have chosen to take a stand against the repression and the tyranny of the British. But I am deeply afraid that more is needed in the face of the fierce threat. Islam itself may hand in the balance of the next few months.

We are away of the difficulties that you may face in a direct war with the British. I believe that it would be unfair to expect you to sacrifice your own security and freedom of action merely on our account. However, there are other ways that you may aid us in our struggle.

Arms and advisors are always appreciated. The quality of Ottoman rifles is much appreciated among my own soldiers. We are in need of artillery and planes if we are to challenge the British in the modern conduct of war, a key requirement. We realise that this in itself may be risky, but we are certain that supply channels can be found, and victory can be won with your help.

Your friend and eternal servant, Khan Maqsud Qungrat
 
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Can we please have the entire British Army wiped out as a fighting force?

The massive gender imbalance would seriously handicap Britain for decades to come, allowing the nation to slip into chaos and anarchy.

Hello civil war!
 
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