"Life on Mars? The possibility might seem outlandish. As we have seen, Mars is many times colder and dryer than the Earth, and it has only a thin atmosphere to protect it from the harsh environment of space. Certainly nothing like Barsoom or Lowell's vision can be found there. But there is a way. Microorganisms, living under the surface, protected from radiation and cold, only coming to life when conditions are right, much like certain plants found in deserts around the world, could yet survive on Mars, remnants of a wetter and warmer past... Wolf Vishniac has worked on the problem of finding such life, if it exists, for over a decade. For the Viking missions to Mars, he devised a simple test--the "Wolf Trap". Simply place a sample of soil in a habitable environment--warm, accomodating, and full of nutrients, and see what happens. The Viking missions to Mars each carried one of his "Wolf Traps" along with other experiments...Unfortunately, while the biological experiments all indicated that there might be some form of life, the chemical experiment indicated that there were no organic materials at all in the soil...One hypothesis is that there are only a very few thinly spread organisms encapsulated in thick spores to protect them. Such a population would be almost impossible to detect chemically..."
--Carl Sagan, Cosmos: Voyaging the Universe
"When Pioneer 11 entered the Saturn system, many wonders awaited. None, however, were more peculiar than the moon called Titan. The only moon in the Solar System with an atmosphere, it is eternally shrouded in thick haze, much like Venus except far colder...In fact, Titan seemed so odd that the committee in charge of the trajectory for the Voyager probes had to make a decision. We had two probes that could be redirected to fly by Titan, Voyagers 1 and 3. However, those were already supposed to use the boost provided by Saturn to fly on to mysterious and distant Pluto. If they were redirected to Titan, that would be impossible. Eventually, it was decided to fly Voyager 3 by Titan but let Voyager 1 fly on to Pluto..."
--Carl Sagan, Cosmos: Voyaging the Universe
The successful launch of the European Test Satellite last week came at a critical juncture for the European Launcher Development Organisation. Smarting after multiple launch failures, many members were beginning to question the design and management of the program, with France and Germany rumored to be studying an alternate system. It has also raised the visibility of space flight in the Heath cabinet, as the crucial first stage of the Europa launcher is built in the United Kingdom. It is rumored that the British government is considering the establishment of some kind of space agency to better manage and promote their efforts...
--Aviation Week and Space Technology, June 1970