The Last Roman Kingdom

Alright so here's a start, hopefully it's good, feedback is appreciated. There is no specific POD but instead a series of differences, some small, that lead to a bigger general difference.

The Rise to Prominence of Roman Dalmatia (AD 284-476)
- Almost immediately upon the onset of his reign in 284 AD, Diocletian, the new Roman Emperor, begins to construct a palace in the city of Spalatum (OTL modern day Split) on the Dalmatian coast.

- The palace is completed in record time and by 294 AD it is finished, furnished, and ready for use by the Roman Emperor. The sight of the palace is enough to inspire the loyalty of the people of Spalatum and Roman citizens from up and down the Dalmatian coast travel great distances to see the magnificent palace, considered by many at the time the greatest piece of Roman engineering outside of Italy.

- Following the completion of the palace, Diocletian begins to frequent it and the surrounding city quite often, preferring it as a getaway from the hectic and frequently dangerous life of the emperor in Rome. This common presence of the emperor and all the other persons his presence entails leads to a boom period for the city, as its political importance increases and economy grows.

- Spalatum receives another big break when, in 301 AD, Diocletian decides to take advantage of the city's location near the center of the empire, combined with his strange love for the city, and uses it as the location of a series of annual meetings between himself, now the Augustus of the east, and Maximian, Augustus of the west. This further fuels the boom period as the city begins to attract more wealthy and powerful Romans looking to get away from Rome itself.

- In 305 Diocletian dies and a year later Constantine comes to the throne. For the first 4 years of his reign Constantine remains in charge of only the west half of the empire. During this time Constantine also frequently visits Diocletian's palace in Spalatum as it sits directly between the two halves of the empire.

- Later in his reign, during the building stages of Constantinople, Constantine sees the advantageous position of Spalatum and uses imperial funding to improve docks and trading ports there. He sees its central point in the combined empires as a good location for a trade hub between the western and eastern capitals.

- Following Constantine's death the city becomes exactly that, a trade hub, and a very wealthy one at that. It's fortunes are also aided by the mountains that sit almost immediately to it's east and continue up and down the Dalmatian coast, shielding the city from war and rebellion that damages much of the rest of the Roman Empire.

- In 380 AD Emperor Theodosius I choses Spalatum as the sight for the construction of the Cathedra de Christa, or Seat of Christ, which would be come commonly known as simply the Cathedra. The Cathedra is architecturally more akin to classical temples and is actually loosely modeled off the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. It's official purpose is to 'outshine' the temples of old and serve as an example of what the church can achieve. The city is chosen as the sight for the massive structure reportedly due to its protected position, its prominence, and it's strong sense of Christianity (almost the entire region was solidly Christian by this time).

- Around this period a young Matinus Mandamus comes to the governorship of Dalmatia at the age of only 16. Matinus has been, since a young age, obsessed by the stories of the old Great Library of Alexandria. Almost immediately upon his rise he begins working with the emperor to build a series of libraries in Spalatum with the goal of collecting a copy of almost every important work and piece of knowledge in the Roman Empire. Though it was never nearly complete at this task, over the next century the Libraries of Matinus, as they became known, came to house, by far, the largest collection in the western world.

- During the 5th century both the Visigothic and Hunic invasions failed to capture the city. The Visigothic was repelled in the mountains outside the city and the Huns, who relied heavily on cavalry, chose to move around those mountains. This preservation of the city led to further growth and prominence and by the mid-century many are referring to it as one of the "3 Romes," Rome, Constantinople, and Spalatum.

- After both the Huns and Visigoths fail to capture Dalmatia, the West Roman Emperor Majorian begins the construction of two walls connecting the Dinaric Mountains, which border Dalmatia to the east, with the sea in both the north and south. Though not especially huge, these walls essentially turn Spalatum and Dalmatia as a whole into the best defendable place in the Western Roman Empire.

- The walls, known collectively to history as Majorian's walls, are completed by 462. The emperor then raises a large garrison there which is not to ever be used on the defensive but only the defensive. The hope is that if Rome falls Spalatum will be able to survive as a small haven of Romanism in a post-Roman world.

- In 476 Rome the Western Roman Empire finally falls. However Majorian's Walls and the defensive plans allow for the survival of Dalmatia free from barbarian conquest. That year Magnimous is crowned as the first king of the new Roman Kingdom of Dalmatia, as it is officially known. Western Europe is entering into a new era, one without a Roman Empire, however not all traces of Romanism have been destroyed. Dalmatia, with Spalatum at it's center, now stands as beacon of hope through the dark ages, however it also stands as a target for greedy and ambitious kings.
 
I like the idea of a surviving Roman state in Dalmatia, but I think that you ignored butterflies. There's now way that the Western Roman Empire would fall in the same year in your ATL. Also I'm not sure that a "Roman kingdom" would be declared, as Julius Nepos ruled from Dalmatia as de jure emperor.
 
Dalmatia During Isolation (AD 476-600)

Background
Following the fall of Rome and the establishment of the Roman Kingdom of Dalmatia the government and the kingdom went into a state of severe isolationism. The comparatively small area of the kingdom allowed for the rise of a series of big government, ultra-conservative laws, governing everything from religion, to dress, to way of life, established in the kingdom was one of the first ever truly and successfully oppressive governments and a government which would appear very similar to later European governments of the mid 19th century such as what was seen in plebist France.

However, like all oppressive governments, the Dalmatians did have a reason for it. All around them European and Roman culture was falling apart and being thrown by the wayside. In it's place was rising a much more militaristic and divided Europe, where war wasn't just common, it was an every day occurrence. Paganism was getting a second wind as it came in from the barbarian tribes and technological advance fell, first into a full halt, and then backwards back towards pre-Roman times.

In Dalmatia, however, the government was striving to preserve Roman culture and heritage and fight back against the tide, however it was a powerful tide indeed and the country was frequently forced to defend itself and engage the barbarians. Fearing that if the barbarian way of life ever got into Dalmatia true Romanism would be lost forever, the kings decided they had to legislate the way their subjects lived.


Citizenship
During this period Dalmatia had a very stern system of citizenship, divided into a dozen complex tiers with the purpose of preserving Roman heritage. An overview of those classes is as such;

The High Classes (1% of population)
1st Class- The king was the sole first class citizen in Dalmatia, giving him his own rank was seen as a way of inciting loyalty and respect.

2nd Class- The kings immediate family, his wife and children, were the only ones to occupy the second class.

3rd Class- Other direct relatives of the king, such as brothers and sisters as well as nephews ect held this.

4th Class- The class of nobles and distant male relatives to the king.

5th Class- The same as the 5th but the women

6th Class- A class held by an assortment of persons and their ancestors upon appointment from the king. It was commonly given to generals, soldiers, government officials, advisors, and the like.

The high classes all had similar rights and it was designed more as a ladder of authority, with the king the most powerful and his distant female relatives the least powerful, and had the addition of commoners appointed to the higher classes by the king. High class citizens were free of tax and military service and had the right to travel wherever they wanted, both inside and outside the country, except by direct order of someone of a higher class. These came along with other similar rights

The Upper Classes (9% of population)
7th Class- Seventh Class citizens were wealthy commoners who bought the full rights of the high class, except for freedom of taxation.

8th Class- This class was an almost entirely military class. It had all the rights of a 7th class citizen except that they were not allowed to leave the country. It was made up of all military generals and high ranking officers as well as any person who served in the military actively for 25 of more years or who was awarded the class by a general.

The Lower Classes (90% of population)
9th Class- Male Citizens who had ancestors in Dalmatia prior to 476. They were given free travel within the country and the lowest taxes of the lower classes.

10th Class- Male Citizens without ancestors in Dalmatia prior to 476. Higher taxes and travel allowance.

11th Class- Pre-476 ancestor unmarried women. Extremely high taxes and not allowed to leave city of registration.

12th Class- Post-476 ancestor unmarried women. Had essentially no rights and crushing tax rate.

The travel restrictions, though, were almost impossible to enforce and it was considered reasonable to travel throughout the country so long as you do not leave and you 'behave yourself.' Essentially the entire class system was easy to forge and break and was truly ineffective and was a major reason for the collapse of the isolation era.


Immigration and Mountain Men
One of the most famous features of the isolation era in the history of the Roman Kingdom of Dalmatia is the famed Mountain Men. During this period in Dalmatian history they attempted to severely limit immigration due to their limited resources and their hate of barbarian culture. However one was able to earn one's way into the kingdom through 5 years of military service. They formed units that were nicknamed Mountain Men.

The nickname came from the fact that they were almost always assigned to patrols in the mountains, ones that the other soldiers didn't want. Life in the mountains was tough and many men died from disease and from the extreme weather.


Conscription
Outside of taxation, the only other commonly used use of the class system was conscription. Due to frequent waring the kingdom needed a sizable standing army to defend their land, they solved this problem by required all lower class citizens to serve two years in the military before they were allowed to marry or to own land.


Religion
Christianity was a very important part of day to day life in the isolation era. Masses were held every day and the Cathedra became the center of the kingdom in many ways. The Cathedra's pastor and bishop, known as the Caput (leader), was considered the head of the church in Dalmatia due to their isolation and lack of contact with the pope. Eventually this would become one of the first subsets of Christianity to break away, however for the time being they still swore allegiance to the pope and the Christian Church.


Byzantine Empire
The one exception to the isolation from outside influence during this period was the Byzantine Empire. Occasionally an emissary would be sent to Constantinople, usually with the purpose of begging for food or other resources for the severely isolated and limited kingdom. The emperor would usually opine as they saw Dalmatia as a hope for furthering their influence throughout the Balkans. After the end of the isolation era the two sides would retain very close relations and would be long term allies.


Food
Farmers during this period were not allowed to directly sell their goods in the cities. The government instead bought to food from the farmers then turned around and transported it to the cities and sold it. The reason for this was twofold. Firstly the hiking up of the prices allowed the economically strained kingdom a small amount of additional income. Secondly it kept out of control inflation from occurring since commonly there was much more demand for food then there was actual food and thus there was a chance that the prices would rocket up.


The End of Isolation
This period of ultra-conservative, ultra-controlling, isolation government lasted for just over a century. Finally, around the year 600, the nation finally left for a number of reasons. Prominent among these was the fact that the Byzantine Empire had stopped sending aid to the small kingdom, leaving them with almost no food. They realized that they would have to get it from some other source and the only other source available was the outside world. In addition the country was simply running out of man power to defend themselves. Finally you had the fact that the government simply couldn't handle, on it's strained budget, all the government action that was necessary to preserve isolation.

Thus in 600 AD, hoping for food and protection, the Roman Kingdom of Dalmatia signed the Treaty of 600, they allied themselves with the Croats, who occupied land both north and south of Dalmatia. The alliance would be mutually beneficial and one of the strongest and longest lasting alliances in world history.
 
Good, but I don't think Majorian or Magnimous are Latin names. Just sayin'.:)

Majorian was actually the OTL emperor during this period but I did just make Magnimous up :)

As for the name, I doubt they would retain the name the Western Roman Empire, I think it'd be much more likely that they simply labelled themselves a Roman Kingdom in Dalmatia, thus the Roman Kingdom of Dalmatia. To call themselves the Western Roman Empire would be strange immediately following the death of the emperor they swore alliance to.
 
Sorry as cool as I think this is, the idea of a Roman kingdom surviving that close to a very powerful byzantine empire (and in its early days it was quite powerful). The Roman kingdom of Syragius was created as a result of being isolated from the bulk of the empire by barbarians. In order for this to happen, there can't be a byzantine empire other wise, various emperors will try to conquer the kingdom as they will view it (as they viewed most of western europe) as either a province in revolt, the king of Dalmatia as a rival contender to the throne, or a kingdom of barbarians, all of which are grounds for invasion, and while those walls might stop a barbarian horde, they won't stop a civilized army with proper siege equipment (they may make it hard and costly but not stop it). This is just my take on the situation however.
 
Sorry as cool as I think this is, the idea of a Roman kingdom surviving that close to a very powerful byzantine empire (and in its early days it was quite powerful). The Roman kingdom of Syragius was created as a result of being isolated from the bulk of the empire by barbarians. In order for this to happen, there can't be a byzantine empire other wise, various emperors will try to conquer the kingdom as they will view it (as they viewed most of western europe) as either a province in revolt, the king of Dalmatia as a rival contender to the throne, or a kingdom of barbarians, all of which are grounds for invasion, and while those walls might stop a barbarian horde, they won't stop a civilized army with proper siege equipment (they may make it hard and costly but not stop it). This is just my take on the situation however.

If they retained close relations, however, and considering the small size of the area, though important, I could see them allowing Dalmatia to continue as an independent state, perhaps with a plan to one day take them over, but a plan that, for some reason, never goes into effect.
 
There's no need at the moment for the Eastern Romans to invade this hypothetical Romano-Dalamatian state; it serves as a buffer between the proper Empire and the dominions ruled by the barbarian Odoacer and the Ostrogoths and other barbarian tribes to the north. It'll survive.
 
There's no need at the moment for the Eastern Romans to invade this hypothetical Romano-Dalamatian state; it serves as a buffer between the proper Empire and the dominions ruled by the barbarian Odoacer and the Ostrogoths and other barbarian tribes to the north. It'll survive.

Yay for agreeing with me! lol :)
 
Also if anyone else wants to help me figure out what kind of butterfly effects you would see from this that would be greatly appreciated.
 
Well this Roman rump state in Dalmatia is going to be a problem to whichever barbarian group is running the show behind Italy because they would not want anyone, especially someone with connections to the now gone Western Roman Empire to potentially have plans to reclaim it from their hands. Plus Dalmatia will have barbarians coming from the north who would like to find better pastures to settle in and an Eastern Roman Empire who would probably seek Dalmatia as nothing more as an insignificant semi-Romanized kingdom in their western border. It is going to be trouble balancing the interests of these multiple groups to preserve Dalmatia's independence and I doubt that the Slavs would even arrive into the Balkans as they did in ours.
 
Well this Roman rump state in Dalmatia is going to be a problem to whichever barbarian group is running the show behind Italy because they would not want anyone, especially someone with connections to the now gone Western Roman Empire to potentially have plans to reclaim it from their hands. Plus Dalmatia will have barbarians coming from the north who would like to find better pastures to settle in and an Eastern Roman Empire who would probably seek Dalmatia as nothing more as an insignificant semi-Romanized kingdom in their western border. It is going to be trouble balancing the interests of these multiple groups to preserve Dalmatia's independence and I doubt that the Slavs would even arrive into the Balkans as they did in ours.

So do you think it is plausible, though, that the Croats, who, of course, surround Dalmatia, would form an alliance with this Dalmatian kingdom? This would provide a buffer zone and protection for Dalmatia while they can also supply the Croats with better weaponry and thus make them better warriors and the whole deal is mutually beneficial.
 
Probably although with a dominant Croat state in the inland, I expect Dalmatia to accustom itself to a lesser and more subservient position with each passing generation until the Romance population is completely assimilated as in our time-line. Dalmatia in this situation sounds more like a weak vassal state although it's no harm. It could very well be the Venice analogue of your time-line since you implied its significance in Mediterranean trade.
 
Probably although with a dominant Croat state in the inland, I expect Dalmatia to accustom itself to a lesser and more subservient position with each passing generation until the Romance population is completely assimilated as in our time-line. Dalmatia in this situation sounds more like a weak vassal state although it's no harm. It could very well be the Venice analogue of your time-line since you implied its significance in Mediterranean trade.

Actually I was thinking something somewhat to the opposite. As the Croat population gains more access to the classical technology and ways of life stored away in the Libraries of Matinus I think they will start to become drawn back into a Roman culture or perhaps a hybrid. Then, eventually, the two might even join into a single state and slowly use technological advantages along with powerful cultural roots to become the prominent power of the Balkans.
 
Actually I was thinking something somewhat to the opposite. As the Croat population gains more access to the classical technology and ways of life stored away in the Libraries of Matinus I think they will start to become drawn back into a Roman culture or perhaps a hybrid. Then, eventually, the two might even join into a single state and slowly use technological advantages along with powerful cultural roots to become the prominent power of the Balkans.

Okay. Hope for an update.
 
Abe Lincoln said:
So do you think it is plausible, though, that the Croats, who, of course, surround Dalmatia, would form an alliance with this Dalmatian kingdom?

With a POD in the 3rd century, the Croats will almost certainly stay in White Croatia (today's Western Poland) or migrate elsewhere. The same is true for the White Serbs, who lived in what would become Eastern Germany.

What you could do to make this more plausible would be to have the East Romans reconquer Dalmatia and a number of other provinces, hold onto them for a century or two, then have them lose these provinces due to barbarian invasions, insurrections, trouble in the East, etc. The Latin-speaking Romans of Dalmatia could defeat or assimilate the invading barbarians, and create their own state with its capital at Spalatum.
 
Here's a short entry as it's getting late and I ought be off to bed.

The Slavic Wars (600-668)

- The Croats early migration from White Croatia to the mid-Balkan region and the resulting Treaty of 600 with the Roman Kingdom of Dalmatia radically changed the power structure of the post-Roman region. At first, just after the signing of the treaty, the Croats served mainly as protectors of Dalmatia in exchange for agricultural and other peaceful technologies.

- However in the year 622 several Slavic groups, led by the Serbs, attacked the Croat-Dalmatian allies with the goal of, in the long run, taking Spalatum. King Diocletian IV responded by making the decision to share old Roman war and weapon technologies and theories with the Croats.

- The resulting Slavic Wars lasted for nearly half a century, pitting the small but more technologically advanced allied Croat-Dalmatian force against the much larger but unorganized and technologically inferior Slav armies. The war was nearly lost early on, however, before the Battle of the Wall in 629, were the allies repelled the Slavs from the boarder of overrunning Dalmatia.

- By 631 the Slavs had again reached Majorian's Walls, however they were again repelled. This is when the allies got a big break. There became true division between the already highly disorganized Slavic armies when a Serb general attempted to take singular command, the force rebelled against him and a series of wars broke out between the Slavs.

- In 635 the internal wars between the Slavic peoples ended and they again turned their attention towards Dalmatia. However this time the allies were ready and easily repelled a two year series of campaigns against them, winning several decisive victories.

- Beginning in 638 the allies then launched a massive counter attack against the Slavic peoples. Realizing they had little hope for victory many left the Slav armies and only the Serbs and a few others were left. By 640 it appeared the war was won and the Slavic people had been driven out of the West Balkans. However it was not to last.

- In 647 the Serbs again lead a Slavic force against the allies, this time with the designated purpose of reclaiming lost lands. Thus began the 3rd of the Slavic Wars, however this time the great Serb general Josip Broz had managed to unite the entirety of the Slavic forces behind his singular command.

- The Slavs adopted a plan of small war. The goal was to avoid any concentrated, centralized battles and instead rely on a series of small raids and skirmishes to win a war of attrition against the allies. This plan continued on for nearly a decade as the allies slowly retreated back further and further away from the land and people ruined and destroyed by the raids.

- In 660 Broz suddenly died of disease and, seemingly on the eve of victory, the Slavic forces fell into disunity and again began to divide, their advance came to a halt and they were soon driven back by a full scale counter attack. The following series of campaigns and wars against the divided Slavs continued for another 8 years before the Slavic wars finally came to an end in 668 after 46 years of fighting.

- The Allies now controlled much of what would become in OTL Yugoslavia except that south of modern day OTL Kosovo which was controlled by the Byzantine Empire. The Kingdom also controlled portions of modern day OTL Hungary.

fm_yugoslavia_rel96.jpg
 
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