Striving for a world transformed by justice and peace - a TL from 1827

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pipisme

Continuation of the provisions of the Treaty of London:
2) The Rhine Province of Prussia to become the independent republic of Rhineland into which the Free City of Frankfurt-on-Main was incorporated. [1]

3) The Prussian annexation of Hanover during the war was allowed to stand.

4) On the insistence of Austria-Hungary-North Italy [the Triple Monarchy], Prussia was obliged to restore the independence of Saxony, which it had annexed during the war.

5) The Triple Monarchy gained Upper Silesia from Prussia. [2]

[1] This map shows the Rhine Province: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map-Prussia-RhineProvince.svg.

[2] Upper Silesia is Oppeln on this map: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RBSilezie1878.png.
 

Archangel

Prussia got off lightly.
There will be many Polish minorities in neighbouring countries and that will lead to conflicts later on, Austria-Hungary can avoid that by granting the Polish parts of Galicia to Poland.
 

pipisme

Archangel said:
Prussia got off lightly.
There will be many Polish minorities in neighbouring countries and that will lead to conflicts later on, Austria-Hungary can avoid that by granting the Polish parts of Galicia to Poland.
Click to expand...

On balance Prussia lost out in the Treaty of London. Compared with their position before the war they lost the Rhine Province and Upper Silesia, but gained Hanover.

There were still Polish minorities in Austria-Hungary, Prussia and Russia. Austria-Hungary would never voluntarily give the Polish areas of Galicia to Poland.

Here is a summary of winners and losers in the Treaty of London:
Austria-Hungary-North Italy [the Triple Monarchy]: saw the creation of a client state in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth [PLC], gained Upper Silesia from Prussia in relationship to which it was now stronger,
but lost Cracow and surrounding district to the PLC.

France: did not gain or lose any territory. The fact that they did not gain territory though they were on the winning side led to much resentment in France against what was widely called the Lost Peace or the Wasted War.

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: pleased that they had secured their independence, but disappointed that their nation was not bigger, especially that it did not have an outlet to the Baltic.

Prussia: see above

Russia: lost territory to the PLC but it did not have an outlet to the Baltic. They still kept Brest-Litovsk with its fortress.

The Ottoman Empire and the United Kingdom gained by being neutral in the war. The newly-elected Conservative government in the UK won prestige from hosting the peace conference.

The war and the peace treaty did not resolve the rivalry for domination of Germany between Prussia and the Triple Monarchy. While the former was weaker and the latter stronger, neither power was dominant.

On 19 August 1864, Queen Maria, the wife of King Wladyslaw V of the PLC died from tuberculosis at the age of 29. As she did in OTL, though of course she was not a queen. King Wladyslaw was now a very eligible bachelor, after a decent period of mourning.
 

pipisme

I will now cover events in Canada from 1854 and this post: https://www.alternatehistory.com/Discussion/showpost.php?p=6225607&postcount=233.

In the elections to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in July 1854, a coalition of the Reform Party, the Clear Grits and the Parti rouge had a small overall majority. John Sandfield Macdonald became Premier and Michel-Francois Valois Deputy Premier. [1] In May 1855 the secret ballot was introduced for all elections. In October 1856 the double majority rule was abolished. This required a majority in both the Canada East and Canada West sections of the Legislative Assembly. There were 65 members from Canada East and 65 from Canada West.

[1] Here are the biographies in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography for MacDonald: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=5113 and for Valois: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=4756.
 
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pipisme

In the October 1857 general election for the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, the Liberal Party, an amalgamation of the Reform Party and the Clear Grits, won an overall majority of four. John Sandfield Macdonald continued as Premier and Joseph-Elie Thibaudeau became Deputy Premier. [1]

Sir Charles Augustus Fitzroy, the Governor-General of Canada, died on 16 February 1858. The following month he was succeeded by Sir Edmund Walker Head. [2]

[1] Here is Thibaudeau's entry in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=5290.

[2] Here is Head's biography in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=4490.
 

pipisme

Because of by-election losses and defections to the Conservatives, the Liberal Party had lost their majority in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada by October 1858. After the general election in November the Parti Bleu and the Liberal-Conservatives formed a coalition government. [1] Joseph-Edouard Cauchon became Premier and John Simpson Deputy Premier. [2]

[1] The Parti Bleu was what the Conservatives called themselves in Quebec, or Canada East as it was officially called. The Liberal-Conservative Party was the official name of the Conservative Party.

[2] Here is the entry for Cauchon: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=5426 and for Simpson: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=5268 in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography.
 

pipisme

Confederation was now a significant issue in Canadian politics. The Liberal-Conservatives were in favour of confederation , that is a federation all the provinces, Canada East, Canada West, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Les Bleus and the Liberals were suspicious of confederation and preferred a federation of Canada East and Canada West only. Les Rouges were opposed to the existing union of Canada East and Canada West in the Province of Canada. But Les Bleus were in government with the Liberal-Conservatives, so the issue was put on ice.

The next general election was held in August 1861 and the number of seats in the Legislative Assembly won by each party was as follows:
Liberal Party: 49
Liberal-Conservative Party: 37
Le Parti Bleu: 23
Le Parti Rouge: 17
Independents: 4
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Total: 130 seats
----------------
 

pipisme

In the Canadian general election of August 1861 the results in Canada East and Canada West were as follows:
Canada East [Quebec] Canada West [Ontario]
Liberals: 15 seats 34 seats
Liberal-Conservatives: 8 seats 29 seats
Les Bleus: 23 seats 0 seats
Les Rouges: 17 seats 0 seats
Independents: 2 seats 2 seats
-----------------------------------------------------------
Total: 65 seats 65 seats
----------------------------------------------------------
The Liberals and Les Rouges had a majority of two [66 seats to 64 seats] so they formed a coalition government. John Sandfield MacDonald became Premier and Maurice Lamframboise Deputy Premier. [1]

[1] Here is MacDonald's entry in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=5113, and here is Lamframboise's: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=5631.
 

Berat2beti

So the Ottoman Empire how will they be effected by this turn of events? Come 1876-77 Austria is stronger, and Poland is certainly no friend of Russia's. Will they intervene on the Ottoman side? Austria has good reason too.

Bulgars have already been crushed by Bashi Bazouks and while horrible the Buearocrats in Vienna can justify it as the Ottomans trying to keep the lid on this can of worms closed.

If u follow OTL Serbia will be crushed in 76 which is Austria's main problem, and will no doubt have no qualms seeing the crescent flag over Belgrade.

The war will finish the declawing of Russia, and will give Austria chance to attack Romania for revenge, and knock the steam out of Romanian nationalists.

Ofcourse the Ottomans won't need help if there minister of war doesn't get shot, and can direct the Ottoman military into knocking the Russians back across the Danube.
 

pipisme

I don't know yet know what will happen in the Ottoman Empire in this TL. By staying out of the War of Polish Independence their position was strengthened as regards Russia. Abdul Aziz became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire on 25 June 1861 as in OTL.
 

pipisme

There were 65 members of the legislative assembly of Canada from Canada East and the same number from Canada West, though the population of the latter was 285,000 more than the former according to the 1861 census. A member of the legislative assembly in Canada East represented an average of 17,000 people, in Canada West more than 21,000. [1]

However nothing was done to increase the representation of Canada West because of opposition by Canada East. The two halves of the United Province of Canada were divided by nationality and religion.

By February 1863 the Liberal government of John Sandfield Macdonald and Maurice Lamframboise had lost its majority in the legislative assembly and was defeated on a vote of no confidence, and a general election held.

[1] Information taken from The Life and Times of Confederation 1864-1867: Politics, newspapers and the union of British North America by P. B. Waite, Toronto: Rubin Brass Studio, 3rd edition 2001.
 
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pipisme

The number of seats in the legislative assembly won by each party and by independents in the general election of March 1863 was as follows [August 1861]:
Conservative [1] : 41 [37]
Liberal: 40 [49]
Le Parti Bleu: 28 [23]
Le Parti Rouge: 16 [17]
Independents: 5 [4]
----------------------
Total: 130 [130]
---------------------

The results for Canada East were:
Le Parti Bleu: 28 [23]
Conservative: 8 [8]
Liberal: 11 [15]
Le Parti Rouge: 16 [17]
Independents: 2 [2]
------------------
Total: 65 [65]
-----------------

The results for Canada West were:
Conservative: 33 [29]
Liberal: 29 [34]
Independents: 3 [2]
---------------------
Total: 65 [65]
---------------------

After the election a Conservative/Les Bleus coalition government was formed with Joseph-Edouard Cauchon as Premier and Alexander Morris as Deputy Premier. [2] Cauchon was a Bleu and Morris a Conservative.

[1] Its official name was the Liberal-Conservative Party but was generally called the Conservative Party and most of its candidates stood as Conservatives.

[2] Here is the entry for Cauchon: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=5426 and for Morris: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=5720 in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography.
 

pipisme

In October 1861 Sir Edmund Walker Head, the Governor-General of Canada, resigned. He was succeeded by Sir Dominick Daly. [1]

In March 1864 George Brown, a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly [MLA] proposed a motion for a select committee to enquire into the advantages and disadvantages of confederation. This was defeated by 61 votes to 52 votes. MLAs from Canada East voted against it by 54 votes to 5 votes, those from Canada West backed it by 47 votes to 7 votes.

With the likelihood of confederation pushed a long way into the future the proposal for Maritime Union, the amalgamation of the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, became a serious proposition. It was discussed and agreed by a large majority at a conference at Charlottetown, PEI in September 1864. The new nation would be called Acadia with Halifax NS as its capital.

In Britain Sir John Pakington, the Colonial Secretary, favoured Maritime Union. The Acadia Act 1865 created Acadia as a self-governing colony with responsible government. The Act came into force on 1 June 1865.

In July 1865 Louis Riel was ordained a catholic priest in Montreal. [2] At his request he returned to the Red River Settlement where became an assistant priest at the church of St. Boniface.

[1] Here is Daly's entry in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=4384.

[2] Here is Riel's entry in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/riel_louis_1844_85_11E.html. His life was the same as in OTL up to 1864. In this TL his father did not die in January 1864 and Louis Riel, Jr, did not need to give up his studies and support his family. He will be appearing again in this TL.
 

pipisme

Canada West was expansionist and looked west into Rupert's Land which was nominally owned by the Hudson Bay Company [HBC]. [1] George Brown, the Liberal politician and editor of The Globe newspaper, campaigned strongly for Canadian annexation of the territory. However only the Liberal Party in Canada West was supportive, the attitude of the other parties varied from indifference to hostility.

After the Union victory in the American Civil War in May 1860 the British government feared that an expansionist United States would take over Rupert's Land as it did the south of Oregon Territory/Columbia District in 1846. Sidney Herbert, the Colonial Secretary to July 1861, and Edward Cardwell his successor, were responsible for the negotiations with the HBC, the First Nations and Metis which led to the Rupert's Land Act 1863. This provided for the surrender by the HBC of its charter to the British Crown on 6 April 1864 in return for £300,000 in compensation. It did not sell any land because it did not own land. Its charter was for a trading monopoly enforceable on British subjects. On 1 May 1864 the territory became the Colony of Keewatin. Its name derived from the Cree or Ojibway word for 'north wind'.

[1] For Rupert's Land see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert's_Land.
 
Keewatin
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    When 1864 opened William Gladstone was the Chairman of the House of Representatives Committee of Ways and Means. Here is a photograph of him from the early 1860s: http://www.victorianweb.org/graphics/portraits/gladstone2.html. His wife Alice Haverly Gladstone was a member of the Religious Society of Friends [Quakers]. She worshipped at 15th Street Meeting in New York City. She was active in the movement for rights and African Americans. She was a member of the executive of the American Equal Rights Association, which was founded in May 1862. [1] An attractive woman, she was of medium height and build with black hair and black eyes.

    Alice and William had three children: Frances [born 16 August 1838], Angelina [born 3 December 1839] and Robert [born 27 April 1841]. In 1858 Frances entered a one-year prepatory course at Oberlin College, Ohio. [2] The following year she enrolled in the four year course in classics which led to a B.A. degree. She graduated in 1863. While she was at Oberlin she met Mary Jane Patterson and the two women became close friends. [3]

    [1] It was similar to the organisation of the same name in OTL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Equal_Rights_Association.

    [2] For Oberlin College see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_College.

    [3] Here is a biography of Patterson: http://biography.jrank.org/pages/2871/Patterson-Mary-Jane.html.
     
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    • pipisme

    In May 1862 Angelina Haverly Gladstone married Charles Van Wyck, member of the US House of Representatives from the 10th District of New York for the Liberty Party. [1]

    In 1863 Robert Haverly Gladstone graduated number 14 in his year from the United States Military Academy at West Point. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant.

    [1] Here is entry in Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Van_Wyck.
     
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