OKB Sukhoi's Su-37 at the 1997 Farnborough Airshow
In 1986, the new Sukhoi fighter, the long range, fourth-generation Su-27, was already becoming obsolete, even slowly. With the renewed focus on building a strong airforce not only for defense, but also for power projection, more thought was given to the doctrine of Air Supremacy. There were already updates, modernizations, and new weapons for the Su-27, but it was not as fast or maneuverable as hoped, especially since it's kinematic ability and avionics were its primary strength over its chief rival, the MiG-29. After the national Divorce in 1988, the new Russian Federal Republic commissioned Sukhoi to update the fighter for totally modern use, including new Active Radar Homing missiles. These self-guiding missiles were not yet implemented into the Russian arsenal, and the new Aircraft was to be the first. Designated internally as the T-10VD (
Vektorniy Dvigatel', Vectored Engine), the new aircraft was to implement more powerful engines, vectored thrust nozzles, and improved electronics and weapons stations. Taking its first flight on January 15th, 1993, it performed admirably with a fully accurate weighted load, accounting for additions and weight changes with dummy weights. In addition, the frame strength was improved, using Titanium for the most important sectors, and two large Canards were added for the sake of increased maneuverability. S-shaped ducts were used to decrease radar cross section, and a coat of radar-absorbent paint was put on to decrease the large radar signature of the aircraft.
Although the improvements to its observability did not make it 'stealth', it did lower the radar cross section by nearly 25%, giving it a much-needed boost against the advanced aircraft of the United States and Germany, who were already deploying stealthy aircraft. It was for this reason too that the Aircraft was equipped with the first Active-Electronically Scanned Array Radar, (AESA), the N031 Sokol, to be mounted to an aircraft. This radar gave it much better discernment and ability to track miniscule targets (such as stealth aircraft), although it sacrificed some of the massive range of previous PESA Radars, it was deemed superior anyway as the detection range of low-observability targets, and reduction of clutter was much better than any radar beforehand.
The weapons were also improved, the R-77-1, the first fighter-capable active-homing missile in Russian service (not including aerialized versions of surface-to-air missiles), was finished just in time for the T-10VD's first weapons test, and performed well at short and medium ranges, although began to fall off quickly at ranges longer than 80 Kilometers. The missile was in short supply due to lack of funding, and behind development schedule, so its equipping with the Su-37 would be prioritised, but would be delayed in deliveries until 1999, where it would reach mass production and see full service with the Russian Air Force.
By 1995, the Su-37 again competed in testing with the Russian Air Force, performing admirably again and demonstrating the effectiveness of the new aircraft. Unfortunately, it was not convertible from any base model Su-27, as it had a different composition of frame, and additions to the fuselage of the aircraft necessitated a new name for the aircraft. Due to its origin and development process, the name chosen was Su-37, nicknamed the Terminator by its pilots. The first squadrons went into service with the 159th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment in 1997, with 24 being delivered between the years of 1997 and 1998 combined. With the fall of the United States and the beginning of cooling relationships with Germany, the Su-37 saw its first combat in 1998, when two squadrons of the 159th, including Su-24 bombers and the Su-37, was transferred to the Russian airbase in Cuba, along with the reactivation of several bases left by the USSR during the Cold War.
An Su-37 fighter piloted by Igor Khudyakov was the first pilot of the Russian Federation to score an air to air kill, when on February 27th, 1998, his Su-37, on an escort mission, was attacked by aircraft of the Southern Liberation Army Air Force (SLAAF). Khudyakov and his wingman, Mikhail Morozov, were escorting an IL-20M Intelligence-gathering aircraft from San Antonio Air Field, when, out of nowhere, they were locked by two aircraft coming from the northern direction.
At 9:38AM local time, the two Sukhois and the IL-20 began receiving radar pings from high-altitude aircraft, which were identified by their radar signatures as F-4 Phantoms. As soon as the pings began, it turned into locks, and the RWR of all three Russians began to squawk, signaling a missile launch. The IL-20 was equipped with jammers, but that required the ELINT suite to be turned off, impossible at the time because of the intelligence-gathering nature of the mission. While both fighters dodged their missiles, putting out chaff and notching, the Ilyushin was not so lucky. It was hit once, with two of the five crew being killed, the rest escaping the plane. It was at this time that reinforcements were scrambled from San Antonio and Udaloy-Class Destroyer
Admiral Basisty left Havana Harbor at a similar time, providing a powerful radar data link and on its way to the site of the shootdown to search for survivors.
At 9:41AM, the two Phantoms again appeared on the Sukhoi's radar screens, this time extremely high, nearly fifteen kilometers, or 50,000 Feet, more than double the altitude of the Russians. The Sukhois were heavily disadvantaged, at low altitude, and both fighters began to climb at their maximum rate. Hitting mach 1 in a climb, Khudyakov reached eleven Kilometers in only two minutes, and locked both of the SLA Aircraft. He fired his first R-77, which impacted the enemy aircraft directly, breaking it apart. Unlike the Su-37, the F-4C of the SLAAF was not equipped with a modern RWR and was not able to dodge the R-77 launched against him. The second aircraft, flying close enough to see the first explode into a ball of fire, began to notch in an attempt to lose the missile he knew was incoming, but it was too late, as an R-73 from Khudyakov hit him anyway, the notch failing to lose the lock of the IR-guided missile. At this time, Morozov reached Khudyakov from a more shallow climb, and they began to sweep the area for more hostiles. After another hour of searching, both pilots headed back to San Antonio to repair and rearm. After February 20th, an A-50 Airborne Warning aircraft would be stationed over Cuba at all times, as well as the provision of S-200 batteries to Cuba, and two batteries of S-300 air-defense complexes to Russian bases in Cuba, notably to Lourdes SIGINT Base and San Antonio Airfield. This was noted by American Intelligence and there were multiple attacks on these bases by the Columbian government during and after the civil war.
The Su-37 Remains in service today with major updates, as modeled in the SM variant, which took to the skies in 2018, sporting new radar, engines, avionics, and upgraded weapons stations with the capability of carrying fourteen long-range R-77PD ramjet-powered missiles or six R-37M hypersonic air-to-air missiles. It is being phased out of a frontline role for the Mikoyan MiG-45 LMFS, a true 5th generation fighter, but the Su-37 will remain in service in some variant at least until 2035.