wwi_confederate_soldier_by_filobeche_dgcjj8r-fullview.jpg

The image is not dated.
Given the helmet, it can be assumed to be more or less attributable to 1917, when the Confederate army began using imported British helmets.
The location of the photo is also unknown. It is probably the Arkansas front, as the photo is from a collection of memorabilia from that state.

OT: Sorry for not posting, but arabic language course is very hard.
Oh that is actually so cool! I could really imagine that would be what the Confederate Army during World War 1 would look like!
 
image_m-3CPF-E_1697541506639_raw.jpg

Oxford, PA, after the shelling of confederated artillery during the second battle of Oxford (July-August 1917).
In the background are the ruins of the Oxford Methodist Church along Market Street.

AI Image, generated with Openart.
 
Su-37.jpg

OKB Sukhoi's Su-37 at the 1997 Farnborough Airshow
In 1986, the new Sukhoi fighter, the long range, fourth-generation Su-27, was already becoming obsolete, even slowly. With the renewed focus on building a strong airforce not only for defense, but also for power projection, more thought was given to the doctrine of Air Supremacy. There were already updates, modernizations, and new weapons for the Su-27, but it was not as fast or maneuverable as hoped, especially since it's kinematic ability and avionics were its primary strength over its chief rival, the MiG-29. After the national Divorce in 1988, the new Russian Federal Republic commissioned Sukhoi to update the fighter for totally modern use, including new Active Radar Homing missiles. These self-guiding missiles were not yet implemented into the Russian arsenal, and the new Aircraft was to be the first. Designated internally as the T-10VD (Vektorniy Dvigatel', Vectored Engine), the new aircraft was to implement more powerful engines, vectored thrust nozzles, and improved electronics and weapons stations. Taking its first flight on January 15th, 1993, it performed admirably with a fully accurate weighted load, accounting for additions and weight changes with dummy weights. In addition, the frame strength was improved, using Titanium for the most important sectors, and two large Canards were added for the sake of increased maneuverability. S-shaped ducts were used to decrease radar cross section, and a coat of radar-absorbent paint was put on to decrease the large radar signature of the aircraft.

Although the improvements to its observability did not make it 'stealth', it did lower the radar cross section by nearly 25%, giving it a much-needed boost against the advanced aircraft of the United States and Germany, who were already deploying stealthy aircraft. It was for this reason too that the Aircraft was equipped with the first Active-Electronically Scanned Array Radar, (AESA), the N031 Sokol, to be mounted to an aircraft. This radar gave it much better discernment and ability to track miniscule targets (such as stealth aircraft), although it sacrificed some of the massive range of previous PESA Radars, it was deemed superior anyway as the detection range of low-observability targets, and reduction of clutter was much better than any radar beforehand.

The weapons were also improved, the R-77-1, the first fighter-capable active-homing missile in Russian service (not including aerialized versions of surface-to-air missiles), was finished just in time for the T-10VD's first weapons test, and performed well at short and medium ranges, although began to fall off quickly at ranges longer than 80 Kilometers. The missile was in short supply due to lack of funding, and behind development schedule, so its equipping with the Su-37 would be prioritised, but would be delayed in deliveries until 1999, where it would reach mass production and see full service with the Russian Air Force.

By 1995, the Su-37 again competed in testing with the Russian Air Force, performing admirably again and demonstrating the effectiveness of the new aircraft. Unfortunately, it was not convertible from any base model Su-27, as it had a different composition of frame, and additions to the fuselage of the aircraft necessitated a new name for the aircraft. Due to its origin and development process, the name chosen was Su-37, nicknamed the Terminator by its pilots. The first squadrons went into service with the 159th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment in 1997, with 24 being delivered between the years of 1997 and 1998 combined. With the fall of the United States and the beginning of cooling relationships with Germany, the Su-37 saw its first combat in 1998, when two squadrons of the 159th, including Su-24 bombers and the Su-37, was transferred to the Russian airbase in Cuba, along with the reactivation of several bases left by the USSR during the Cold War.

An Su-37 fighter piloted by Igor Khudyakov was the first pilot of the Russian Federation to score an air to air kill, when on February 27th, 1998, his Su-37, on an escort mission, was attacked by aircraft of the Southern Liberation Army Air Force (SLAAF). Khudyakov and his wingman, Mikhail Morozov, were escorting an IL-20M Intelligence-gathering aircraft from San Antonio Air Field, when, out of nowhere, they were locked by two aircraft coming from the northern direction.

At 9:38AM local time, the two Sukhois and the IL-20 began receiving radar pings from high-altitude aircraft, which were identified by their radar signatures as F-4 Phantoms. As soon as the pings began, it turned into locks, and the RWR of all three Russians began to squawk, signaling a missile launch. The IL-20 was equipped with jammers, but that required the ELINT suite to be turned off, impossible at the time because of the intelligence-gathering nature of the mission. While both fighters dodged their missiles, putting out chaff and notching, the Ilyushin was not so lucky. It was hit once, with two of the five crew being killed, the rest escaping the plane. It was at this time that reinforcements were scrambled from San Antonio and Udaloy-Class Destroyer Admiral Basisty left Havana Harbor at a similar time, providing a powerful radar data link and on its way to the site of the shootdown to search for survivors.

At 9:41AM, the two Phantoms again appeared on the Sukhoi's radar screens, this time extremely high, nearly fifteen kilometers, or 50,000 Feet, more than double the altitude of the Russians. The Sukhois were heavily disadvantaged, at low altitude, and both fighters began to climb at their maximum rate. Hitting mach 1 in a climb, Khudyakov reached eleven Kilometers in only two minutes, and locked both of the SLA Aircraft. He fired his first R-77, which impacted the enemy aircraft directly, breaking it apart. Unlike the Su-37, the F-4C of the SLAAF was not equipped with a modern RWR and was not able to dodge the R-77 launched against him. The second aircraft, flying close enough to see the first explode into a ball of fire, began to notch in an attempt to lose the missile he knew was incoming, but it was too late, as an R-73 from Khudyakov hit him anyway, the notch failing to lose the lock of the IR-guided missile. At this time, Morozov reached Khudyakov from a more shallow climb, and they began to sweep the area for more hostiles. After another hour of searching, both pilots headed back to San Antonio to repair and rearm. After February 20th, an A-50 Airborne Warning aircraft would be stationed over Cuba at all times, as well as the provision of S-200 batteries to Cuba, and two batteries of S-300 air-defense complexes to Russian bases in Cuba, notably to Lourdes SIGINT Base and San Antonio Airfield. This was noted by American Intelligence and there were multiple attacks on these bases by the Columbian government during and after the civil war.

The Su-37 Remains in service today with major updates, as modeled in the SM variant, which took to the skies in 2018, sporting new radar, engines, avionics, and upgraded weapons stations with the capability of carrying fourteen long-range R-77PD ramjet-powered missiles or six R-37M hypersonic air-to-air missiles. It is being phased out of a frontline role for the Mikoyan MiG-45 LMFS, a true 5th generation fighter, but the Su-37 will remain in service in some variant at least until 2035.
 
union_soldier_of_the_great_american_war_by_filobeche_dgcqmbt-pre.jpg

Union soldiers wore a grey-green uniform since the invasion of Cuba in 1898, in 1911 the Union army added a beret modelled on that of the Austro-Hungarian infantry. In 1916, a stalhelm based on the German model was added instead.
The picture shows a Union soldier on the Kentucky front in late 1917, as can be seen from the helmet with its distinct North-American design.
 
pyotr_veliky_northern_fleet_facebook.jpg

RF Pyotr Veliky in 1999. It would remain the heaviest and deadliest surface combatant in the world. RF Varyag, a Kuznetsov-class Aircraft-carrying Cruisier, is in the background.

Because of the significant downsizing of the Russian armed forces in the post-Soviet era, and with it inheriting a massive portion of the Soviet Navy, the Russian government set out to modernize their fleet of ships that was the second largest in the world by tonnage of vessel, and largest by number. Firstly, a massive wave of decommissions of old vessels, obsolete destroyers and cruisers that had been modernized throughout their service lifetimes. The Moskva and the Stalingrad, the two Project 66 vessels that had been built out of an intended class of fourteen, had been thoroughly modernized in the 1970s, then again in the 1980s. However, they were so obsolete in design and their engineering section could not fit bigger engines for the enormously heavy vessels, that they were stripped of armament, mothballed, and towed to Sevastopol and St. Petersburg as Museum ships. The Slava-class cruisers too, although newer, were not seen as necessary in their role anymore, and the specificity of their armament and mission type called for them too to be refit. However, the cost of refit was so expensive that it was deemed necessary to decommission them as they exited their service life in the 2000's. But there was one more class of cruiser that was much more important to the Russian navy.

The Kirov-class nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser was the biggest, and second heaviest primary surface combatant in the world at the time of the Russian navy. Only the three reactivated Iowa-class cruisers being refit for the United States Navy were heavier, and they still lacked in weapons and electronics in comparison to the far more modern design of the Kirov. With four built and one in drydock at the end of the Soviet Union, another was in the works of being laid down in the Black Sea Shipyard, but due to Ukrainian and Russian independence from the USSR, construction was halted, and the resources diverted to the Baltic Shipyard in newly-named St. Petersburg. However, in 1990, the lead ship Kirov, now named Admiral Ushakov, suffered a reactor incident which laid him up until the ship could be refit. However, with funds lacking and a new country to run, they made do with only three ships until 1993, when several naval projects re-opened with plenty of money in the naval budget. Several plans went nowhere, like the Seven-Sea plan, which would have cost more money alone than the entire defense budget for the next two years, but some went through. The refit of Ushakov, the finishing of Admiral Kuznetsov, which had languished as only a skeleton with a thin skin of sheet metal, completely empty on the inside and no work being done. On August 15th, 1994, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federal Republic authorized the refit of existing ships of the Kirov-class to a modern standard, and the construction of three more ships of the upfitted class, to bring the total to eight ships.

Work began at all shipyards capable of handling the Kirov's great size. The Ushakov went first, undergoing it's reactor replacement and it's upgrade at Baltic Shipyard, while others, such as Severnaya Verf, also in St. Petersburg, and Sevmash, in Murmansk, all began work on the refit of the existing ships. Radars which were antiquated already were replaced by Electronically scanned arrays, much more powerful and accurate, and capable of detection and firing solutions at double or even triple the range prior. A GNSS-guidance system was installed, as were electronic protection, modern screens and instruments, and better navigational devices. Anti-Submarine Warfare was reduced from 40 Vertically-launched RPK-2 missiles, and replaced by sixty-four 3K95 Kinzhal short-range surface-to-air missiles for missile interception. The massive Vertical Launch System for the P-700 Granit was redesigned for the newest anti-ship missile in the Russian arsenal, the 3M-54T Kalibr, a variable speed and trajectory sea-skimming missile, which entered production only in 1994. While only able to carry 20 P-700 Granit missiles, the new system could carry 64 missiles of the 3M-54T class, and eighty missiles of the S-300 type. The S-300F soon became the go-to. Along with the rest of the air-defense suite, the eight AK-630 guns led by two fire-control radars were replaced in favor of six turrets of the Kortik type, using the same six-barreled gun, but mounted in turrets of two and sporting their own fire-control systems onboard the unmanned turret.

The first of the new ships to be completed was the Admiral Gorshkov in 1997, a year after the reactivation of the Ushakov. Later in the same year, both further refits were done and the Nakhimov and the Lazarev both rejoined the fleet. The Admiral Kasatonov, Admiral Golovko, Nikolay Kolomeytsev, and the Admiral Oktyabrsky all finished between 1999 and 2001, to undergo their sea trials and join the fleet at the planned date of 2004. Russia now had eight new capital vessels, each one the deadliest, most powerful surface combatant anywhere.
 
Last edited:
View attachment 863410
RF Pyotr Veliky in 1999. It would remain the heaviest and deadliest surface combatant in the world. RF Varyag, a Kuznetsov-class Aircraft-carrying Cruisier, is in the background.

Because of the significant downsizing of the Russian armed forces in the post-Soviet era, and with it inheriting a massive portion of the Soviet Navy, the Russian government set out to modernize their fleet of ships that was the second largest in the world by tonnage of vessel, and largest by number. Firstly, a massive wave of decommissions of old vessels, obsolete destroyers and cruisers that had been modernized throughout their service lifetimes. The Moskva and the Stalingrad, the two Project 66 vessels that had been built out of an intended class of fourteen, had been thoroughly modernized in the 1970s, then again in the 1980s. However, they were so obsolete in design and their engineering section could not fit bigger engines for the enormously heavy vessels, that they were stripped of armament, mothballed, and towed to Sevastopol and St. Petersburg as Museum ships. The Slava-class cruisers too, although newer, were not seen as necessary in their role anymore, and the specificity of their armament and mission type called for them too to be refit. However, the cost of refit was so expensive that it was deemed necessary to decommission them as they exited their service life in the 2000's. But there was one more class of cruiser that was much more important to the Russian navy.

The Kirov-class nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser was the biggest, and second heaviest primary surface combatant in the world at the time of the Russian navy. Only the three reactivated Iowa-class cruisers being refit for the United States Navy were heavier, and they still lacked in weapons and electronics in comparison to the far more modern design of the Kirov. With four built and one in drydock at the end of the Soviet Union, another was in the works of being laid down in the Black Sea Shipyard, but due to Ukrainian and Russian independence from the USSR, construction was halted, and the resources diverted to the Baltic Shipyard in newly-named St. Petersburg. However, in 1990, the lead ship Kirov, now named Admiral Ushakov, suffered a reactor incident which laid him up until the ship could be refit. However, with funds lacking and a new country to run, they made do with only three ships until 1993, when several naval projects re-opened with plenty of money in the naval budget. Several plans went nowhere, like the Seven-Sea plan, which would have cost more money alone than the entire defense budget for the next two years, but some went through. The refit of Ushakov, the finishing of Admiral Kuznetsov, which had languished as only a skeleton with a thin skin of sheet metal, completely empty on the inside and no work being done. On August 15th, 1994, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federal Republic authorized the refit of existing ships of the Kirov-class to a modern standard, and the construction of three more ships of the upfitted class, to bring the total to eight ships.

Work began at all shipyards capable of handling the Kirov's great size. The Ushakov went first, undergoing it's reactor replacement and it's upgrade at Baltic Shipyard, while others, such as Severnaya Verf, also in St. Petersburg, and Sevmash, in Murmansk, all began work on the refit of the existing ships. Radars which were antiquated already were replaced by Electronically scanned arrays, much more powerful and accurate, and capable of detection and firing solutions at double or even triple the range prior. A GNSS-guidance system was installed, as were electronic protection, modern screens and instruments, and better navigational devices. Anti-Submarine Warfare was reduced from 40 Vertically-launched RPK-2 missiles, and replaced by sixty-four 3K95 Kinzhal short-range surface-to-air missiles for missile interception. The massive Vertical Launch System for the P-700 Granit was redesigned for the newest anti-ship missile in the Russian arsenal, the 3M-54T Kalibr, a variable speed and trajectory sea-skimming missile, which entered production only in 1994. While only able to carry 20 P-700 Granit missiles, the new system could carry 64 missiles of the 3M-54T class, and eighty missiles of the S-300 type. The S-300F soon became the go-to. Along with the rest of the air-defense suite, the eight AK-630 guns led by two fire-control radars were replaced in favor of six turrets of the Kortik type, using the same six-barreled gun, but mounted in turrets of two and sporting their own fire-control systems onboard the unmanned turret.

The first of the new ships to be completed was the Admiral Ushakov in 1997, followed by the Admiral Lazarev and Admiral Nakhimov the next year, and in 1999, two more ships, the Admiral Gorshkov and the Admiral Kasatonov, and in December through January of 2000-2001, the rest of the ships, three more, finished construction concurrently and entered sea trials.

View attachment 863420
Okay, you've got my interest 😁
 
Actress-director-producer-Salma-Hayek.jpg

Salome Hayek - Palestinian actress and director. Comes from a mixed Jewish-Arab family (her mother is Sephardic and her father is from a Melkite Arab family).
Democratic People's Federation of Palestine was founded on the principles of "national-personal autonomy", implying the parallel existence of national communities not tied to territory. Nevertheless, the increase in the number of mixed marriages has led to the emergence of people who refuse to tie themselves to ethno-confessional communities.
 
image_CWt_jsO7_1697671605688_raw.jpg

The Army of Northern Virginia occupied Washinton in late 1915. Although Maryland was quite sympathetic to the Confederate cause, it was still necessary to maintain a certain number of soldiers to keep order.
Here, a pair of unknown, but certainly Northern Virginia Army soldiers stand guard at the memorial to the fallen of the War of Secession (Lincoln Memorial in the Homeline), probably in late 1918.

Created with AI tool, Openart.

OT: I have not understood if i can post Ai-generated images here.
 
View attachment 863747
The Army of Northern Virginia occupied Washinton in late 1915. Although Maryland was quite sympathetic to the Confederate cause, it was still necessary to maintain a certain number of soldiers to keep order.
Here, a pair of unknown, but certainly Northern Virginia Army soldiers stand guard at the memorial to the fallen of the War of Secession (Lincoln Memorial in the Homeline), probably in late 1918.

Created with AI tool, Openart.

OT: I have not understood if i can post Ai-generated images here.
People have added AI photos here plenty of times before, so I assume it's fine.
 
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