Osman Reborn; The Survival of Ottoman Democracy [An Ottoman TL set in the 1900s]

[Johnharry]

Keep in mind the term “Wahhabism” is deeply flawed and to many highly offensive.

Use “salafist” instead; as it is not only less controversial but a more accurate term.

@Herohunter

I like many of your predictions like disagree over Egypt; and Salafism in anti colonial roles. Egypts ulema is dominated by Ashar’i scholars (actually similar with Ottoman Empire in that regard) and I think without the house of saud religion will play less of a role in anti colonial activism in the Islamic world.

 

[Herohunter]

Keep in mind the term “Wahhabism” is deeply flawed and to many highly offensive.

Use “salafist” instead; as it is not only less controversial but a more accurate term.

@Herohunter

I like many of your predictions like disagree over Egypt; and Salafism in anti colonial roles. Egypts ulema is dominated by Ashar’i scholars (actually similar with Ottoman Empire in that regard) and I think without the house of saud religion will play less of a role in anti colonial activism in the Islamic world.

Actually I think Islam might play a more important role in some regions but for the most part i totally agree that an Islam more or less lead by House Osman will be less problematic. Islamic groups will also be curtailed by the stronger British and French presence due to a weaker Italy and not being as stretched out in this timeline garrisoning the Middle East and German Cameron. they will also have the failed Southern Philippines and Morocco rebellions and the successful Ache principality “concession” the ottomans had a hand in stopping and starting.

 

[Sarthak]

Animated Map of the Balkan War.

A/N: Sorry for the Quality.​

 

[Sarthak]

Actually I think Islam might play a more important role in some regions but for the most part i totally agree that an Islam more or less lead by House Osman will be less problematic. Islamic groups will also be curtailed by the stronger British and French presence due to a weaker Italy and not being as stretched out in this timeline garrisoning the Middle East and German Cameron. they will also have the failed Southern Philippines and Morocco rebellions and the successful Ache principality “concession” the ottomans had a hand in stopping and starting.

The Ottomans will indeed play a major role as an Islamic power in the mid to late 20th century. That much is certain.

 

[Hawabin]

Animated Map of the Balkan War.

A/N: Sorry for the Quality.​

@Sārthākā spoils us with an animated map and then apologizes for the quality. Lol!

 

[Lord Khuzdul]

Animated Map of the Balkan War.

A/N: Sorry for the Quality.​

Looking at this map, it is rather obvious why Serbia has fallen to revanchism and set to do something stupid. It looks very similar to OTL 1918 German position - militarily, it was clear as day that they were losing, but from the perspective of the uninformed "man on the street" filled to the gills with wartime propaganda, everything is set for a "stab in the back" myth.

 

[Gokbay]

Looking at this map, it is rather obvious why Serbia has fallen to revanchism and set to do something stupid. It looks very similar to OTL 1918 German position - militarily, it was clear as day that they were losing, but from the perspective of the uninformed "man on the street" filled to the gills with wartime propaganda, everything is set for a "stab in the back" myth.

Yeah, Montenegro, while it did not win, didn't lose really and winning against Ottomans by themselves was never possible so it is understandable they would not be revanchistic. With Bulgaria revolution, civil war and Ottoman-Romanian intervention (along with large parts of the country being occupied after the while and most major cities were occupied during the war) made it clear that they actually lost and even if wish for revenge is strong the need to rebuild/war exhaustion would be higher.

With Serbia, yeah they lost but it is quite like Germany in OTL WW1.

A man in Sofia would be unable to deny that Bulgaria lost, but for a man in Belgrade accepting that Serbia lost would be much more problematic. Just as a German person in Berlin, the war is too far from them to actually get what was happening.

 

[Ameck16]

A man in Sofia would be unable to deny that Bulgaria lost, but for a man in Belgrade accepting that Serbia lost would be much more problematic. Just as a German person in Berlin, the war is too far from them to actually get what was happening.

So Serbia is the same place Germany was otl 1919, while Bulgaria was in otl Russia's place

 

[Sarthak]

Chapter 42: Revanchist Ideas

***

“The ascension of Velmir Vulkicevic in Serbia brought forward several problems that would lay the foundations for the Balkan Front of the Second Great War. Elected from the National Party, it is of little surprise to anyone with a proper eye of political attitudes that the man was nationalistic and would pursue nationalistic goals. Economic nationalism was the first goal that he pursued, and he closed off the free trading move of the previous administration in order to build up the Serbian industry. In the mind of Vulkicevic it had been Serbia’s dependence on foreign goods, such as Austrian and Italian weapons that had seen them lose against the Ottomans. After the Ottoman withdrawal from Leskovac, the same policies were applied and integrated within the former Ottoman Occupation Zone within Serbia as well.

Velmir Vulkicevic​

That said, Vulkicevic wasn’t exactly a bad prime minister and he was competent. He conducted a land reform plan that was similar to that of the Ottoman Land Reform Act, and distributed vast swathes of Serbian lands to the peasants to increase the productivity of the lands under their control. Agricultural yields increased and the government became involved in increasing the agricultural independence of the country. Coupled with the protectionist policies of the Serbian government, the Serbs were rapidly, but ironically, trying to imitate the Ottomans in their policy of removing dependence on foreign economic powers. Vulkicevic knew this, and while he was loathe to follow any policy that the Ottomans liked to follow, if it worked, he was willing to work along with said policies.

Transportation was also increased, and the muddy and ill-constructed roads throughout Serbia were renovated, and the government began to involve itself in building bridges and other connections to the rural heartland of the Serbian Kingdom. Three new railway lines, albeit small ones, were constructed by the Serbians with investment from the Germans and Romanians, and several new academies were opened in Serbia under the watchful eye of Vulkicevic to make sure that the literacy rate and innovation of the country went high up. That said, while these were admirable policies, we cannot still forget that the government led by Vulkicevic was an ultra-nationalistic government, and they unleashed their horror in many ways. There was still a small minority of Muslim Serbs living in Serbia as an aftermath of the Ottoman Dominion Over Serbia which had lasted for four hundred years. Most Muslim Serbs had been expelled after 1878 but a good few remained in the south. These were expelled by Vulkicevic into Ottoman territories and Austrian Bosnia. While not many remained in Serbia to create a real refugee crisis, it was still a humanitarian disaster, as the 30,000 to 50,000 Muslim Serbs that remained were almost all forced to convert to Christianity to stay or were forced to leave behind their ancestral homes at the point of the bayonet.

Ottoman Slavs of Muslim origins were angered by this obvious ploy at ethnic cleansing and complained to the Ottoman Government. Riza did lodge a complaint and asked the Serbian government to see to it that every citizen of the country was treated fairly, however the government of the Ottoman Empire did little to follow this up, as engaged as they were in the Second Yemenite Rebellion during this time period.

Like most Constitutional Monarchies during the early 20th century, the Serbian Monarchy had a good amount of constitutional power that they could have used to curb this growing nationalistic mood of the government, however King Peter I had become nearly senile after the Balkan War, becoming largely trapped in his consciousness. As a result in late 1917 and early 1918, Crown Prince Alexander became the Prince Regent of the Serbian Kingdom in the name of his father. Prince Alexander was not much better than Vulkicevic. In fact Alexander himself had extremely high nationalistic tendencies that showed themselves in the field of battle, when he exacted brutal policies when Serbia occupied northern Macedonia during the Balkan War under his command. Alexander cooperated with Vulkicevic and even became a staunch ally of the man.

Tensions between the Ottoman Empire and the Serbian Kingdom raised to a massive amount when in mid to late 1918, Prince Alexander decreed that any and all Muslim subjects would be subjected to segregation policies in the Kingdom in the sectors of education, occupation and monetary aid. This was a move that served to alienate the Ottomans even more. But whilst this did raise tensions, it was not out of place for the already nationalistic policies of the Serbian state, and the Ottomans did little, not wishing to play the interventionist cop in the Balkans.

On April 3, 1920, however the National Party, and the Radicals of the Serbian government merged to form the United National Salvation Front (UNSF) Party, and with the aid of the Crown Prince, rejected all other parties in the Serbian government, and launched a coup de etat with the support of most of the Serbian military. The rest of the parliamentary members, not of the aforementioned parties were arrested and imprisoned whilst only the independents were allowed to retain their seats. Soon, the 240 seat legislature of the Serbian government was filled with 229 members of the UNSF alongside 11 intimidated independents. All other political parties in the Serbian government was banned by Royal and Governmental Decree. Serbia had effectively become a one party state.

The other two members of the Triumvirate - Prince Regent Alexander and Josif Kostic​

Soon enough after the coup, the government of the new Serbian Kingdom coalesced around a group of three people which would later become known as the Triumvirate. The Triumvirate was the three most influential and powerful members of the new National Salvation Government, consisting of Vulkicevic himself, the Minister of Education, Josif Kostic and Crown Prince Alexander, who was also holding a position as Minister of Defense after April 3rd. This was already a breach of constitutional authority as the reigning Prince Regent was now a part of government. In order to bypass this, in his authority as Prince Regent, he dissolved the constitution on the 17th of April, and declared that a new constitution would be written down by the new government.

The Ottomans did little but watch. They did not wish to be like the French or British, or the Americans for the matter and did not wish to intercede in domestic affairs, but even the non-interventionist Ottoman Government looked at the events in Serbia with narrowed eyes. So much so that Abdul Ferar Pasha, the General in command of the Northern Balkan Military Sector even petitioned the Ottoman Government that they invade the Serbian Kingdom to push the new government out of power and reinstate a new democratic government in Serbia. Riza wisely pushed this policy down. Intervention would only make the Serbians even more anti-Ottoman. For the moment, a wait and see approach would have to do.

But soon enough new tensions flared. The new school curriculum devised by Kostic was revisionist in nature and put almost all of the woes of the Serbian state at the feet of the Ottomans. They declared the wars of Serbian Independence as some sort of crusade and the victory of the good over evil, and the victory in 1878 showed rather insulting pictures of the Sultan being hung upside down by the collective Russian-Serbian and Bulgarian troops. The French Ambassador to Yugoslavia, Louis Frederic Clement-Simon would tell the French government, ‘The new history taught in Serbia is nothing but a farce of epic proportions. Every Russo-Ottoman War has been denoted as a holy war between Evil and Good, and every Ottoman victory has been shown in the light of Satan defeating God Himself whilst every Ottoman defeat has been shown as God and His Angels defeating and banishing Satan. There is nothing ‘historical’ about this new historical curriculum.’

Not not only that, but the Ottomans still constituted around a tenth of the total Serbian imports. As a result, Ottoman goods were boycotted by the Serbs, and Ottoman businessmen and diplomats in Serbia found themselves being lynched and attacked, and in some times, even killed. Even Ottoman Serbs, in Serbia for diplomatic or familial reasons were attacked and lynched due to the fact that they held Ottoman passports. It was brutal and gruesome. On May 29th, 1920, the Ottoman government listed Serbia as a vital no-go country for any Ottoman civilian wishing to go abroad and the Ottomans began to close the border with Serbia. This was just fine for the Serbs. The more far the Ottomans were, the happier they would be. However unfortunately for both the men in Constantinople and Belgrade, these tensions would simply be the small precursor to the sparks that would set the Second Great War alight.” The Triumvirate Dictatorship of Serbia: Fall of the Serbian Kingdom © 2019

***

“The leader of the Liberal Union, Hasan Prishtina, was killed on the 19th of April, 1920 by anti-Prishtina Albanians in Kosovo. Tribal identities still held sway in the Albanian society during this time period, and Prishtina had managed to anger the Durres Albanians, and their leader, Farruk Pasha, had ordered the leader to be killed. The man’s chef was turned over using money and familial threats, and poison was dispatched. By the end of the day after dinner, Prishtina……was dead. During the initial police inquiry by the Ottoman Police, the Ottomans got nowhere as they couldn’t discern a probable killer, however soon enough the Chef spoke up and admitted to the deed. The entire tribe of Farruk Pasha near Durres was captured and interrogated by the Ottomans. This was becoming a problem for the Ottomans, as whilst in the sedentary places of the Empire, the Empire had largely been successful in their ideology of a combined Ottoman Identity, in tribal lands, especially in Syria and Iraq, as well as Albania, they were still failing miserably. Tribes still identified themselves within their tribes and not as Ottoman. And one such consequence of that fact was that one of their political leaders had been assassinated.

Immediately in the Liberal Union, a leadership contest began as several members of the party jockeyed with one another to try and become the new leader. Prominent among these candidates were Faik Konica, like Prishtina, an Albanian, and then there was Mustafa Kemal Pasha, ethnically, a Turkish man. Kemal had joined the Liberal Union in 1916 after the end of the Balkan War when he had enlisted in the Reserve Officer Corps and joined a formal political career. As a war hero in both the Italo-Ottoman War and the Balkan War he was extremely popular among the common Ottoman people, and he was economically and politically learned. He was also extremely slippery with his tongue and when knew when to speak and how to speak. He also had a strong base of support among the Slavic population of the Ottoman Empire due to his wife, who was a Bulgarian and prolific writer in Bulgarian within the Ottoman Empire. She was one of the first literary encourager of Ottoman-Bulgarian rapprochement and her books, Rapprochement and The Ties That Bind would prove to become exemplary examples of early twentieth century Bulgarian literature.

Early poll on the leadership elections. ​

There was a growing new political tradition within the Ottoman Empire’s political parties that some kind of democratic vote would have to be taken to choose their new leader. The Ottoman Democratic Party had done it for the first time in 1918 and the Liberals didn’t want the Democrats to have a so called ‘one-up’ over them, and it was decided that a leadership election would be held within the Liberal Union Party to choose their next political leader. The date of the election was set for June 15, 1920.

As a result, for the entirety of the month of May, the two prime candidates, Konica and Kemal began to lobby powerful members of the political party, including former leader Ali Kemal, to gain influence within the party, so that they may swing the vote in their favor. The rest of the Ottoman political spectrum looked on at this development with unhidden anticipation and curiosity. Konica represented the decentralizing faction of the party, who wanted decentralization of power within the Ottoman Empire, whilst Kemal represented the ‘moderate federal’ faction of the party which believed that a levelled federal power and levelled central power system of governance, like the one currently in place was the one that was best for the Ottoman Empire. Both had solid arguments, but in the end during the debates that followed both seemed to be evenly matched with one another.

Finally on the 15th of June, the ballots were cast, and the party, and indeed the entire empire watched on with unhidden anticipation. In the words of the Sultan himself, it was ‘an interesting event to behold’.

​

Out of the ~134,000 votes that were cast in the 1920 Liberal Union Leadership Election, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, popular war hero managed to gain ~73,000 of the votes, against Konica’s 51,000 votes, and won the leadership election with a good majority. The support of former leader, Ali Kemal for Mustafa Kemal was decisive and is said to have swung the undecided voters towards him. On the 25th of June, 1920, he was officially named the leader of the Liberal Union.” The Liberal Union: The Ottoman Liberals © 1968.

***

“Amidst the backdrop of the controversial Red 1919, the Presidential Elections of 1920 were looming within the United States of America. The actions of both the government and rioters during Red 1919 had been extremely controversial, and the desegregation of the government was starting to increasingly make the Southern Democrats ostracized, which only increased their power and their influence in the American Deep South. Tensions were high, and all of the parties involved in this political mess were all involved in it knee deep. The Democrats, Republicans, and Progressives all knew that their rhetoric would be the manner with which they could come to power. The Socialists knew this too, but they didn’t have nearly as strong as a powerbase to make their presence properly known to matter.

Furnifold McLendel Simmons​

On June 3rd, 1920, the Democratic National Convention took place in Chicago, ironically chosen due to the events that occurred there last summer. It was a brutal affair, to say the least. The Southern Democrats and their increased influence as an aftermath of Red 1919 were arguing in favor of a new southern democrat, for president, and the northern democrats denounced this heavily wanting to have a northern democrat this time. Of course, the increased power of the Southerners only improved their position. The two sides began to fight and debate fiercely, but in the end, the party managed to reach and strike a compromise with one another. Furnifold McLendel Simmons was chosen to become the presidential candidate of the Democrats, and he was a southern Democrat, and that fulfilled the aspirations of the Southern Faction in the party, whilst Franklin D. Roosevelt, a northern Democrat was chosen as the vice presidential candidate, as a check on their presidential candidate. This was grudgingly accepted by both the Southern and Northern Factions of the party.

The main issues that the Democrats were going to run in the election was going to be the desegregation of the government, with the party going to argue in favor of the current status quo to satisfy their southern support base, whilst they would also campaign heavily regarding the Philippine War and its aftermath. The Democrats assumed the moderate position and demanded that the Philippine Autonomy be restored and the current military occupation of the archipelago end whilst Filipino privileges be restored as well. Economically they had no ground to stay on as Hughes had solved the depression of the Democrats own making, but they generally focused on state level economics to shore up economic support.

Governor Frank Orren Lowden refused to re-nominate Hughes and La Folette​

Similarly, the Republican National Convention took place on the 8th of June, 1920 in the city of Boston. President Hughes and Vice-President Robert La Follete were quickly re-nominated by the Republican Party as their candidates with no real opposition from anyone other than Governor Frank Orren Lowden, who had taken issue with Hughes’s overriding of the state government to take action in Red 1919 who refused to support the re-nomination as a result. Chief among the republican priorities was the fact that the government was coming under heavy criticism for the de-segregation of the American Government [1] and the heavy handed occupation of the Filipino Archipelago. The continued guerilla war in the Archipelago was costing the American government millions in dollars, and the Americans were also outraged by the several atrocities that had been committed by American troops in the islands. Though, for the normal American, they were more concerned with the money that was being drained into the Philippines rather than the atrocities sadly.

The Republicans however had the advantage in terms of economic policy and their main economic platform would be to maintain the current economic policy which had seen the Americans out of the recent depression. Hughes in particular advocated for more social reform at a sedate pace that would ensure higher standards of living. Social Justice Reform was also on the table, as the discrimination between Blacks and Whites in the justice system was there for everyone to see.

Simultaneous to these two events on June 20, the Progressive National Convention was held in Helena, Montana. The Progressives were the ones who could take advantage of the growing rift between the Republicans and Democrats and they knew it. They were sufficiently towards the left for the leftists and sufficiently right for the rightists. Essentially America had found its first real centrist political party. The Progressives were divided on whom to take on as their main candidate for the presidential race, however, Whitmell P. Martin won the presidential bid in the Progressive Party. This was mainly because Louisiana, which had voted Progressive in 1916 by a razor thin majority would only do so if they had another candidate from Louisiana, as Martin was. Martin was also a sufficiently moderate candidate that all factions of the Progressive Party like the Centrists, Left and Right could band together on. Martin was also a sufficiently charismatic speaker, and the party liked that about him as well. For his running mate, the old and enigmatic Samuel Gompers was chosen as the party’s vice presidential nominee. He was the leader of the American Federation of Labor and whilst he had agreed with Hughes’s social reform campaign going on, Gompers had been critical of the fact that the reforms did not extend far enough, and as a result had joined the Progressive Party, which thought the same, in 1919.

Whitmell P. Martin, the Progressive Candidate for President. ​

The Progressives had the most definite campaign plan from among all of the parties taking part in the elections. In terms of the Philippine Islands, they wanted to restore Philippine Autonomy whilst simultaneously keeping the military governorship to eliminate the guerillas. They also made a comprehensive plan of granting the Philippines independence within 30 years though they would remain in the American Sphere of Influence. Regarding Race, the Progressives support de-segregation and stated that it hadn’t gone nearly as far enough as it should have, and supported the most minimal of segregation of policies, and that too only to keep the southerners in tandem with them. Economically, the Progressives filed a plan that supported more labor reforms, like hour systems and minimum wage being increased, and more social benefits. Like the Liberal Reforms of the early 1910s in the United Kingdom from which they drew inspiration from, they also supported the creation of a welfare state, which was quite frankly, popular among the working class of American society. They were also the first real party to have a coherent campaign foreign policy. They deemed the isolation of America from international affairs as hurting America’s image and promised that more international diplomatic operations would be launched and promised greater economic integration with the global economy.

Minor parties throughout the United States of America like the Socialists, Communists, Farmer-Laborites, and Prohibitionists elected their candidates as well, however they would have a relatively minor influence in the election to come. The modern Three Party working system of American politics was already starting to form during this era, and the elections of 1920, 1924 and 1928 would only cement that system in the years to come.” American Politics in the Post-War World: Country in Jeopardy © 2007.

***

“In April 1915, at the Battle of Celaya, the Anti-Constitutionalist Faction of the Mexican Revolution was defeated decisively by General Alvaro Obregon, and Venustiano Carranza. The defeat of Pancho Villa forced him to retreat north, to the state of Chihuahua where he continued to remain a guerilla leader against the Constitutionalist Government. Obregon, who was loathe to stop the momentum that the Constitutionalists had gained during the Battle of Celaya asked Carranza for permission to attack the regions of Chihuahua under the command and control of Villa. Carranza, emboldened by his victory at Celaya gave the permission that his general needed, and 10,000 troops of the Mexican Federal Army entered Chihuahua the next year in 1916. The state militias of the Chihuahuan state aided the Mexican Federal Army as they scoured the countryside, destroying one guerilla base after another until late 1916 when Villa himself was captured in a small deserted base in southern Chihuahua. The Mexican Army hauled him back to Mexico City, and there, he was imprisoned by the Mexican Government on charges of vigilantism and armed rebellion. Villa and his forces thus ended themselves as a threat to the new Constitutionalist government.

President Carranza​

However where Villa had been nullified as a threat to the Mexican Government, Emiliano Zapata continued to be a major thorn in the side of the Mexican government. In late 1916 a force of 12,000 Mexican soldiers under the command of Pablo Gonzalez Garza was sent by Carranza to attack the Zapatista controlled territories in Morelos and bring them back under the command of the central government. This attacked failed, despite the internal factionalism and inter-fighting the Zapatista military command, all of whom hated one another and was only united by their faith in the cause of Zapata’s vision for Mexico.

The Mexican defeat at the Battle of Morelos was a humiliation of a very high order, and the Mexican government was forced to undergo a new military supervision and modernization scheme, both in equipment and tactics. The Mexicans were loath to ask foreign powers for aid. The Americans were out of the question, whilst Britain, France, Spain and Austria had all been unreliable and even traitorous against Mexican interests in the past. The Mexicans thus surprisingly to the international community turned to the Ottoman government. The victories that the Ottoman Empire had secured in 1911 and 1915 had allowed their prestige to recover, and the Mexican government sent Genaro Estrada, an up and coming diplomat in the Mexican government, to seek aid from the government in Constantinople. More than happy to have a natural gas supplier that was friendly to them and not have a large ulterior motive against them, like the Russians, French and British, the Ottomans acquiesced.

Djevat Pasha, the Ottoman military leader who had been instrumental in the invasion of Bulgaria in 1915 was sent as a military supervisor and 25,000 rifles along with 5,000 machine guns were leased by the Ottoman empire to Mexico. Djevat Pasha was a disciplinarian and he was disgusted by the rather shambolic state of the Mexican military’s discipline and professionalism. Arriving in Mexico City on the 28th of January, 1917 he whipped the Mexican Army to shape throughout the entire year, implementing rigorous training schemes and maneuvers to build their discipline in battle. Having faced several guerilla attacks in Bulgaria, he knew how to counter guerilla tactics as well. He taught several tactics, such as Cordon and Search tactics, as well as air operations and combined arms approach against guerillas, and Public Diplomatic Warfare tactics were used from the Ottoman military books to counter the guerilla movement brewing in Southern Mexico.

On October 31, 1917 after six months of hard and rigorous training, the Mexican Army under Gonzalez moved again under the supervision of Djevat Pasha, and this time they were successful. Six months was a small amount of time to instill proper discipline and indeed the Mexican troops were nowhere near Ottoman standards, but they were enough. They managed to conduct proper anti-insurgency tactics with the help of cordoning and aerial reconnaissance and Zapatista Generals were forced to give more and more ground to the Carranza Government. Tochimilo, Magana and Ayaquica, major Zapatista strongholds fell to the Mexican Army.

Zapata was forced to retreat into the mountains of Huautla, where the last base of support for Zapata remained. Gonzalez, with the aid of Djevat Pasha and General Jesus Guajardo began to move against the area as well. Guerilla attacks in the mountains were frequent, but incapable of dislodging the Mexican Army and on April 29, 1918, Zapata was finally captured by the Mexican Army. But Zapata would not give in, and he fought, and he fought fiercely. In the mayhem that ensued with his guard trying to fight him and restrain him, he was shot, and the man died a few hours after bleeding out. Nonetheless, despite this less than stellar manner of ending the war that had engulfed Mexico, the fact remained that the war in Mexico……was over.

The Second Battle of Morelo, the last battle of the Mexican Revolution. ​

On the 23rd of June, 1918, President Carranza would declare that the Mexican Revolution was over, and for good reason as political normalcy started to seep back into the Mexican nation. For the rest of 1918, Carranza and the Constitutionalists went on about to restore the economic state of the country and repairing the damaged population of the deeply divided nation. Aided by allies such as Obregon and Adolfo de la Huerta, he became involved in repairing the economy of the nation. Roads were rebuilt, and destroyed oil infrastructure was rebuilt too. Schools that were destroyed were constructed back again from the ground, and loans from the Ottoman Empire allowed them to finance these projects. 1918 and 1919 passed by in Mexico largely with the Mexicans trying to heal.

On the 13th of February, Carranza pardoned several former Villa and Zapatista generals in order to forward his policy of reconciliation and called for a new constitutional convention on the 18th of June to finalize the new Mexican constitution. The Second Mexican Constitutional Convention ironed out the details that had been left for future amendments. The anti-clerical articles were cut out of the new constitution, as it was deemed to anti-pragmatic to denounce Catholicism in a Catholic majority country, however the separation of state and religion was strongly emphasized in the new constitution. It also fixed the Presidential term limit for six years, with no chance of re-election. That meant that the next presidential election would take place in 1922, two years from the convention. Mexico became a semi-presidential republic after the convention.

Mexican-Ottoman relations also experienced an upswing after the Mexican Revolution, with the two countries experiencing increased economic ties with one another. Djevat Pasha even became the new ambassador of the empire to Mexico. It was the beginning of a new era of relations between Constantinople and Mexico City.” The Mexican Revolution: How a Nation is Forged. © 1989.

***

***

[1] – sad but yes, the Republicans were coming under fire in the 20s otl as well for their de-segregating measures.

***

 

[Sarthak]

Thoughts?

 

[Panzerlied]

A wise man once said that a great war would start by “some damn foolish thing in the balkans.” But I guess he didn’t knew that another great war would again be started by some damn foolish thing in the balkans.

 

[haider najib]

zapata was killed very sad about that.

 

[Protess]

I like it.

 

[Harold]

Damn that was quite fast for the Revanchist to take over, I have to give it to them. And it seems the Ottomans would be participating in the WWII eh? It'd be interesting to see this development.

 

[Pio2013]

Bye bye Monroe Doctrine?? It will be interesting to see how this will impact over all Latin America.

 

[Sarthak]

A wise man once said that a great war would start by “some damn foolish thing in the balkans.” But I guess he didn’t knew that another great war would again be started by some damn foolish thing in the balkans.

well the war doesn't start in the Balkans. The war in the world sparks the war in the Balkans.

 

[Sarthak]

zapata was killed very sad about that.

not really. His plans for mexico were unsustainable in the long run

 

[Sarthak]

I like it.

Thanks!

 

[Sarthak]

Damn that was quite fast for the Revanchist to take over, I have to give it to them. And it seems the Ottomans would be participating in the WWII eh? It'd be interesting to see this development.

It's more going to be like italy otl. Until they rebuild they are going to be quiet.

 

[Sarthak]

Bye bye Monroe Doctrine?? It will be interesting to see how this will impact over all Latin America.

Besides Bull Moose no one really gave anything about the Monroe Doctrine after 1912. It was used only when convenient. The Ottomans don't present any threat to the USA so they are quiet with Ottoman involvement in Mexico.