Chapter 3: Peace in our Time
As crises erupted on the domestic front, President Kennedy was granted a rare reprieve as he returned to overseeing the reconstruction of Western civilisation.
The Palace of Nations in Geneva was built to house the old League of Nations, and it was here that the nations of the world met to formalise the creation of the United Nations, on the first of August, 1960. Above all else, what motivated the attendees in the creation of the United Nations was to craft a new international order which would ensure that never again could a great war be sparked. As a result, this organisation had to have the power to prevent tyranny from ever ruling any nation again. So it was that the formal creation of the United Nations would be ratified by each of the attendees. Among the terms was included one of grave consequence for some governments; the principal tool the United Nations would use to prevent dictatorship would be economic. On the belief that democratic states would not wage devastating war against each other or pursue rampant expansionism and conquest, it was decided that membership of the United Nations was reserved only to those countries which were judged to be truly free and democratic. All members of the United Nations would be forbidden from conducting any kind of relationship, political or economic, with non-members. It was this which would force the world to accept democracy, or be crushed under isolation. Even the Swiss, who had resisted going to war, knew they had little option but to accept membership of the United Nations. It would take five years of economic isolation before the men of the country would accept a referendum granting full female suffrage, a basic condition of membership.
The judicial arm of the United Nations was also agreed upon, as the World Court. It would be the highest court in the world for legal matters between states and to prosecute international crimes. Based in Stockholm, it would be this World Court which would see the trials of numerous war criminals from the Third Reich and across Occupied Europe.
Elsewhere there was much effort to ensure that the United Nations would be a democratic body, and this was a major reason for the creation of the directly elected position of Secretary General, the only position in the world which would be elected by all people, in all places. To ensure the winner of such an election would have a majority of the vote, he or she would be elected in a two-round system in which the two winners of the first round would face each other in the second. All elections would be funded by the United Nations budget, with private contributions banned, to prevent undemocratic influence. There was much debate over whether or not a truly parliamentary system should be adopted for the General Assembly. Some delegates called for the United Nations to effectively become a world government, with representatives elected by the people, but this immediately ran into stiff resistance as numerous questions were thrown in all directions. What powers would such a parliament have? Could representatives from one group of states force their will upon another? Should the United Nations be a world government, or simple a forum for resolving international problems? The majority of delegates believed the latter, but the interest in going further was in many cases a symptom of the strain of internationalism which had emerged first among many intellectuals during the war, and now among the general public, a romantic attachment to the idea of world peace through democratic world government. This was eventually realised with the direct election of ambassadors to the United Nations, rather than their appointment by national governments. With just one small change, the vision of world government had, depending on who you ask, been realised, though certainly not to the extent that many craved.
The creation of the United Nations was accepted largely without question in the United States; debates in the Senate over it largely focused on the role of the World Court, amid claims that it overrode American sovereignty. Another major issues for some was the principle of denying relations to non-democracies. At the time, this would have included allies such as China, which the United Nations had judged to be lacking in democracy due to continued repression by President Chiang Kai-shek, who struggled to hold onto his centralised power amid widespread unrest, despite the civil war officially being over. The Democrat majority in the chamber meant these worries were less of a danger, but had ratification failed it would have had grave consequences for all the world. In all likelihood it could have resulted in the abandonment of the United Nations before it drew breath, signalling that the world would fall, not rise, following the war. But these fears were unfounded. The Senate easily ratified membership of the United Nations, and the economic worries proved to be small as the vast majority of economically significant states left out in the cold soon started to reform and find their way into the Palace of Nations. Others such as Saudi Arabia, Brunei, China, Oman, Thailand, Nigeria, Guinea, Paraguay, Iraq, and the rump Siberian states, were left out in the cold.
In a speech to the nation welcoming the ratification of the United Nations Treaty, President Kennedy proclaimed the arrival of a “new world order,” and that “the dream of international peace has been realised.” But this dream was immediately threatened.
On the fifteenth of August, the State Department began receiving alarming news from the Middle East. Saudi Arabia had built its entire economy around exporting oil, but suddenly its customers were gone as they joined the United Nations. Their customers were largely safe from oil shocks; the United States was self-sufficient and a net exporter itself while others such as the United Kingdom, whose government had foreseen this eventuality, had already made deals allowing British Petroleum to begin extensive oil exploration in Russia, Iran, and newly democratised Kuwait, which remained a prime British outpost in the Gulf. For the Saudi king, Saud, the change in the international order was a frightening challenge to his family’s power. He was certain that he faced overthrow if the country’s economy collapsed, which it already appeared to be showing signs of doing as every dockyard and airport became empty overnight. This was the big test of whether the United Nations really could force a dictatorship to become a democracy by turning off all economic relations. Backed into a corner, King Saud weighed his options. Offers for significant reforms including free elections and an end to censorship did not go far enough, because the United Nations still considered power being vested in the hands of the monarchy to be unacceptable. By September, there were growing protests on the streets as unemployment soared and government funds dried up. There were some outbursts of Arab nationalism, but overall the public response was opposition to the royal family, which even saw the flowering of women’s activism as many began leading illegal marches. Across the border, in Kuwait, British troops were watching while a pair of American aircraft carriers stood by in the Gulf, ready if called upon to enforce the calls of the United Nations for the democratisation of Saudi Arabia. Though the Pentagon put together plenty of contingency plans, including one involving a full scale invasion with the use of tactical nuclear weapons, ultimately it was unnecessary. In late September, King Faud proclaimed sweeping reforms which would lead to Saudi Arabia becoming a constitutional monarchy, with the first Prime Minister taking office a year later, ironically being a nephew of the King.
The United Nations had proven its worth, but there were some who claimed that it was imposing Western values on very different cultures. “You have no understanding at all of the Islamic world,” a Saudi diplomat later told the US Ambassador. “You are drunk on victory, believing that because you won a war it means your values are the only ones worth existing. You impose these values upon us, thinking there only exists right or wrong. It shall be your downfall, in the end.”