Neue Sonne Uber Europa is my personal take on an Axis victory scenario, spanning from 1939 to 1985 and depicting a five-way Cold War between Germany, Italy, Japan, the Soviet Union, and the United States. In part one, we covered the timeline of events in Europe, which can be found here:
https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...imeline-of-events-in-europe-1939-1985.542093/
In part two, we covered the timeline of events in Africa, which can be found here:
https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...imeline-of-events-in-africa-1939-1985.542198/
This third part will be covering events in the Middle East, where another kind of Cold War dictated by regional powers was waged.
World War II and the Aftermath
Pictured: A captured Fordson armored car near Baghdad, May 1941
Given that the boundaries of the Middle East are often debated, for the purposes of this timeline, the Middle East is defined as a wholly Asian region. The westernmost boundary of it is Turkey and the easternmost boundary is Afghanistan. Cyprus is also included. Should any events occur in Reichskommissariat Kaukasien, they will be included here. Should any events occur in the Central Asian SSRs, they will appear in the Asia and Oceania timeline
1939
The Middle Eastern Cold War
Pictured: Israeli tanks advancing on the Golan Heights, June 1967
1951
1955
1969
World War III and Beyond
Pictured: Mass demonstrations in Tehran during the Iranian Revolution, date unknown
No major events occurred in the Middle East in 1976
1977
If you have any questions, feel free to ask. The next timeline will be of events in Asia and Oceania from 1939 to 1985. Farewell!
https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...imeline-of-events-in-europe-1939-1985.542093/
In part two, we covered the timeline of events in Africa, which can be found here:
https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...imeline-of-events-in-africa-1939-1985.542198/
This third part will be covering events in the Middle East, where another kind of Cold War dictated by regional powers was waged.
World War II and the Aftermath
Pictured: A captured Fordson armored car near Baghdad, May 1941
Given that the boundaries of the Middle East are often debated, for the purposes of this timeline, the Middle East is defined as a wholly Asian region. The westernmost boundary of it is Turkey and the easternmost boundary is Afghanistan. Cyprus is also included. Should any events occur in Reichskommissariat Kaukasien, they will be included here. Should any events occur in the Central Asian SSRs, they will appear in the Asia and Oceania timeline
1939
- February: The London Conference is held to determine the fate of the British Mandate of Palestine
- March: The London Conference ends with Palestine’s fate remaining uncertain. Later, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the eventual shah of Iran, marries Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt
- April: Faisal II becomes king of Iraq at just three years old. Until he comes of age, Prince Abd al-Ilah acts as regent
- June: Turkey annexes the state of Hatay from French Syria
- July: The last French troops in Hatay leave
- August: The Great Palestinian Revolt ends in failure
- June: Lehi, a Zionist paramilitary organization with the goal of expelling the British from the Levant, is formed
- November: In an effort to halt the British deportation of Jews from Palestine, another Zionist paramilitary organization, Haganah, bombs the liner SS Patria, hoping to force it to stay in the port of Haifa for repairs so that the British could rescind the deportation order before it departed. Instead, the ship sinks within 16 minutes while carrying almost 1,800 Jewish refugees. However, only 260 are killed
- April: The Golden Circle launches a coup in Iraq, replacing prime minister Nuri al-Said with Rashid Ali al-Gaylani and declaring war on Britain
- May: Fighting between British and Iraqi troops begins
- June: British and Free French forces invade French Syria and Lebanon, now under Axis control
- July: British troops are driven out of Iraq. Later, Iraqi troops join in fighting in Syria
- August: Allied forces are driven completely out of the Middle East. Later, Britain and the Soviet Union invade Iran, with the Soviets occupying the north while the British occupy the south
- May: At the Biltmore Conference, Zionist leaders declare that their goal must be the establishment of Palestine as an independent “Jewish Commonwealth”, instead of as a “homeland” within the British Empire
- July: Ahmet Fikri Tuzer becomes prime minister of Turkey for two days after his predecessor, Refik Saydan, dies. Afterwards, he is replaced by Sukru Saracoglu
- August: In the Rome Declaration, the Axis Powers announce their support of Arab nationalism. This triggers revolts by Arabs across Allied territory
- January: In the Adana Conference, British prime minister Winston Churchill attempts to persuade Turkish president Ismet Inonu to join the Allies. However, Turkey already plans on invading Georgia and Armenia in spring, so they decline
- March: Turkey invades Georgia and Armenia, bringing it into the war on the side of the Axis. Later, Turkey formally joins the Axis
- February: The Irgun Revolt begins. Later, the First Afghan Tribal Revolt begins
- March: In Operation Linse, the SS and SD begin deporting Chechens and Ingush in the German-occupied Caucasus to areas along the frontline with the Soviets, to be used a military laborers, human minesweepers, and even human shields
- August: Turkey officially breaks of diplomatic relations with Britain
- September: With the withdrawal of British troops from southern Iran, Iran declares war on the Soviet Union and joins the Axis
- January: The wording of the Turkish constitution is changed from Ottoman Turkish to modern Turkish
- March: The Arab League is formed
- July: Reichskommissariat Kaukasien is founded
- August: Palestine and Transjordan become Italian protectorates
- November: The last Soviet troops are driven out of Iran. Later, the Tudeh Party forms the Azerbaijan People’s Government in northwestern Iran
- January: Qazi Muhammad declares the formation of the Republic of Kurdistan in Mahabad, Iranian Kurdistan. With the Soviet Union still a potential threat to the north, Iran does not yet retaliate
- March: The Treaty of Rome is signed between Italy and the Emirate of Transjordan. Transjordan gains independence, but remains a pro-Italian state
- April: The remains of Munir Ertegun, the Turkish ambassador to the United States who had died in 1944 while in Washington, D.C., are ferried to Istanbul by the battleship USS Missouri. This makes the Missouri the last American warship in the Mediterranean until the 1970s. Later, Germany orders France to grant independence to Syria and Lebanon to keep up appearances with the Arab world. France reluctantly complies, and both countries gain independence
- May: Transjordan changes its official name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan
- June: Operation Agatha is executed by Italian colonial forces in Palestine, resulting in the arrest of 2,700 members of Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi
- August: Germany pressures Turkey to form a joint German-Turkish military commission to regulate travel through the Bosporus Strait, starting the Turkish Straits Crisis
- December: Following German reassurances that they would handle the Soviets if they posed a threat, Iran occupies Azerbaijan and Kurdistan
- February: Yemen annexes Aden, a former British colony
- March: Muhammad, along with other leaders of Azerbaijan and Kurdistan, are hanged in Mahabad
- April: The Arab Ba’ath Party is formed in Damascus, the capital of Syria
- July: The Turkestan Legion Mutiny occurs, with the Turkestan Legion, a unit of Central Asian volunteers in the Wehrmacht currently stationed in Reichskommissariat Kaukasien, abandoning their posts and traveling through Iran to spark insurrections in the Central Asian SSRs
- November: The Palestinian War begins
- December: Anti-Jewish riots occur in Aleppo, Syria. Later, in Operation Desert Wind, the Deutsches Afrika-Korps, or DAK, is sent to Palestine to raze Jerusalem and round up and either kill or deport Jews there to Madagascar or the General Government
- May: With over 80% of Jews in Palestine having been deported or killed, Operation Desert Wind is declared a success and the DAK withdraws
- June: With the Germans having left Palestine, Benito Mussolini, prime minister of Italy, infuriated by the destruction of Jerusalem, which he had intended to turn into a “Catholic paradise”, reorganizes the Protectorate of Palestine into the Commonwealth of Israel, a puppet state for Jews. Under the promise of having full civil rights there, Italian Jews, having not had such rights since 1938, flock to move there. However, fighting between Israelis and Palestinian Arabs continues
- July: The Royal Italian Army is sent to Israel to help defeat the Palestinian Arabs
- August: Egypt, Syria, and Iraq invade Israel
- September: Chaim Weizmann is elected the first president of Israel. Later, the All-Palestine Government is founded by the Arab League and recognized as the legitimate government of Palestine by all members of the Arab League except for Transjordan
- October: In an event known as “Bloody Friday”, Italian and Israeli forces commit two massacres in the day-one at al-Dawayima, with 30 to 145 killed, and one at Safsaf, with at least 52 killed
- November: The US’s newly formed Central Intelligence Agency, or CIA, commences its first operation: Operation Magic Carpet, with the goal of transporting Yemeni Jews to the United States
- January: Transjordan is expelled from the Arab League for refusing to recognize the All-Palestine Government
- February: The Knesset, Israel’s parliament, convenes for the first time
- March: Turkey recognizes Israel
- April: The Armistice of Rhodes is signed, effectively ending the Palestinian War. However, Arab League leaders refuse to sign an official peace treaty
- June: Transjordan changes its name to Jordan
- August: Turkey joins the Europapakt
- December: The reconstruction of Jerusalem begins, with Tel Aviv appointed the temporary capital
- January: A combination of food and fuel shortages and austerity measures leads to the growth of a prominent black market in Israel
- May: Operation Ezra and Nehemiah, the first operation of Israel’s newly formed intelligence agency, the Mossad, begins. With Italian assistance, Jews in Iraq are airlifted to Israel. Later, Celal Bayar is elected president of Turkey
- July: The Law of Return is passed in Israel, allowing for settlement by anyone, regardless of national origin, in Israel provided that they are Jewish, have Jewish ancestry, or are related to someone who fits either one of the latter two criteria
- August: The Austerity Strike, a general strike in Israel protesting austerity measures, begins
- September: Operation Magic Carpet is declared completed. In total, some 50,000 Yemeni Jews were airlifted
- December: Israel holds its first Aliyah census, recording the influx of immigrants in the course of the year. In 1950, about 170,000 immigrants arrived in Israel
The Middle Eastern Cold War
Pictured: Israeli tanks advancing on the Golan Heights, June 1967
1951
- March: The Record of Reparation Owed by the National Socialist Government of Germany, also known as the Nazi Reparations Bill or the Nazi Tab, begins recording reparations the Israeli government believes it is owed by Germany for the extermination of the Jewish people, as well as the destruction and theft of Jewish property
- April: Israeli forces attempt to seize al-Hamma, part of the demilitarized zone of the Israeli-Syrian border, but are unsuccessful
- May: In Operation Teutone, with permission from the Syrian government, Germany detonates its first nuclear weapon in the Syrian Desert. The fallout drifts into Jordan and Israel, causing mass radiation sickness
- September: Turkey reduces its membership in the Europapakt to observer status
- April: Israel demands that Germany pay the equivalent to $3 billion (1952 USD) in reparations. Germany refuses
- May: Japan officially recognizes Israel. Later, the Israeli Legation in Tokyo opens
- June: Turkey’s ban on female members of the House of Osman living in Turkey is lifted
- August: King Talal of Jordan is forced to abdicate on suspicion of schizophrenia. Until his son, Hussein bin Talal, comes of age, prime minister Tawfik Abu al-Huda acts as regent
- November: Weizmann dies in office and Yosef Sprinzak is appointed acting president of Israel until a new president can be elected
- December: Yitzhak Ben-Zvi is elected president of Israel
- March: The remains of Naftali Herz Imber, a Ukrainian-born Jewish poet and the author of the lyrics to the national anthem of Israel, Hativkah, are transported to Israel from New York City by plane
- May: Hussein bin Talal is crowned King Hussein of Jordan
- August: A CIA-backed coup in Iran overthrows Mohammad Mossadegh, the pro-German prime minister of Iran who was currently in the process of applying for Iranian observer status in the Europapakt. The application is rescinded by his successor, Fazlollah Zahedi. Later, the Israeli government announces that the reconstruction of Jerusalem is complete and that it is now the capital of Israel
- November: David Ben-Gurion, prime minister of Israel since its inception, resigns. Later, the remains of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey, are transported to the Anıtkabir in Ankara
1955
- February: Iraq and Turkey form a defensive alliance known as the Baghdad Pact
- April: The National Organization of Cypriot Fighters, or EOKA, begins an insurgency in Turkish Cyprus
- August: The Israeli Defense Forces, or IDF, the armed forces of Israel, raid Khan Yunis, a city harboring large numbers of All-Palestine Government fighters. 72 fighters are killed
- September: The Istanbul Pogrom, sometimes referred to as the Turkish Kristallnacht, occurs, with 13-37 Greeks in Istanbul being killed. Later, the Thessaloniki Agreement is signed, allowing ethnic Greeks in Turkey and ethnic Turks in Greece to freely travel to Greece and Turkey respectively
- March: Mass demonstrations occur in Generalkommissariat Georgien protesting German rule, which are suppressed by German colonial forces
- November: The IDF raids Khan Yunis a second time in the Khan Yunis Massacre, in which over 275 suspected All-Palestine Government fighters are killed
- May: The Textile Strike begins in Israel, with ATA Textile Company factory workers striking to prevent a percentage of them being fired and to negotiate better contract terms, with other textile factory workers also striking out of solidarity
- August: After an agreement is reached between the workers at the ATA Textile Company factory and its management, mediated by Israel’s main labor union, the Histadrut, the Textile Strike ends
- September: Operation Deep Water, a Europapakt naval exercise simulating the Dardanelles being attacked by a resurgent Soviet Union, is held. The tactics developed here will later be used in the actual defense of the Dardanelles against the Soviets in World War III
- February: Israel adopts the Basic Knesset Law, 13 laws which effectively make up a constitution for Israel
- June: Statements made by Inonu, now leader of the Turkish opposition, are banned in the Turkish press
- July: The Iraqi Revolution occurs. al-Gaylani is assassinated and the Iraqi Republic is formed under Abd al-Karim Qasim
- August: The first International Bible Contest is held in Jerusalem
- September: Syria and Iraq unite to form the United Arab Republic, or UAR
- October: To counteract the UAR, Jordan proposes a union with Saudi Arabia with a government based on that of Austria-Hungary. Negotiations break down regarding the balance of power between the Houses of Hashem and Saud, resulting in the idea being scrapped
- March: Archbishop Makarios III returns to Cyprus from exile. Later, Iran joins the Baghdad Pact
- April: Shoah Awareness Day is created in Israel, to be held on the 27th day of Nisan (or the 26th if the 27th falls on a Friday). The first Shoah Awareness Day will be on May 5
- May: Inonu is attacked while in Usak. Days later, he is attacked again in Istanbul. He later dies of his injuries while in hospital
- July: After the shooting of a Moroccan immigrant in Wadi Salib by Israeli police, the Wadi Salib Riots occur. Later, the Kurdistan Insurgency begins
- August: Cyprus is granted independence from Turkey. Later, Saudi Arabia joins the Baghdad Pact
- December: Makarios III is elected the first president of Cyprus
- March: The Mossad kidnaps SS officer Adolf Eichmann. This event, the Adolf Eichmann Incident, nearly provokes a war between Germany and Italy, but eventually de-escalates
- May: A military coup occurs in Turkey, installing Cemal Gursel as president
- September: The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, is founded, with Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait as founding members
- April: A ban on political activity instated in Turkey following the 1960 coup is lifted. Later, Eichmann goes on trial for crimes against the Jewish people before an Israeli war crimes tribunal
- June: After an Arab government takes over, the UAR announces its intention to annex Kuwait. Later, the US sends troops to Kuwait to ward off any UAR potential aggression
- September: Adnan Menderes, the former prime minister of Turkey, is executed
- October: Gursel is officially elected president of Turkey
- November: Civilian rule returns to Turkey
- December: Eichmann is sentenced to death
- February: A coup attempt by Talat Aydemir in Turkey fails
- May: Eichmann is hanged in Israel
- September: The Yemeni Civil War begins
- April: Following the death of Ben-Zvi, Kadish Luz becomes the interim president of Israel
- May: Aydemir attempts a second coup, but is again unsuccessful
- June: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini is arrested in Iran, causing nation-wide protests. Later, Levi Eshkol becomes prime minister of Israel
- July: Relations between Japan and Israel are raised to an embassy level
- September: The Ankara Agreement is signed, establishing ties between Turkey and the EGKS, albeit it remains not an official member
- October: Communists intervene in the Yemeni Civil War
- December: Turkey invades Cyprus, starting the First Cyprus War
- January: Pope Paul VI becomes the first Pope to go on a state visit to Israel
- March: King Saud of Saudi Arabia abdicates. While his brother, Prince Faisal, effectively becomes the king, he does not officially take the throne
- November: Prince Faisal officially takes the throne of Saudi Arabia
- December: Turkey fully joins the EGKS
- April: Demonstrations occur in Eriwan, demanding that Turkey acknowledge the Armenian Genocide. As they don’t cause any major disruptions and don’t target the Nazi regime, these demonstrations are not suppressed by colonial authorities
- September: An attempted coup by Arif Abd al-Razzaq fails in the UAR
- February: Following a coup by Salah Jadid, the UAR is separated into Syria and Iraq once more
- March: After Gursel is paralyzed, Cevdet Sunay becomes president of Turkey
- August: Iraqi fighter pilot Munir Redfa defects to Israel in their MiG-21, allowing the IDF to study the craft, thus insuring later Israeli victories in the air
- March: After 14 days under house arrest, Mossadegh dies
- June: The Six-Day War is fought, pitting Israel and Italy against Syria, Jordan, and Egypt. Israel is victorious, occupying the Sinai Peninsula and annexing the Golan Heights
- October: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the effective leader of Iran since 1941, officially becomes Shah of Iran
- November: Hostilities end in Cyprus with the withdrawal of Turkish forces. However, no final peace treaty is signed
1969
- February: Protests occur in Turkey over a visit by the Kriegsmarine’s 6th Fleet. Later, in Cairo, the All-Palestine Government officially organizes its fighters into the Palestine Liberation Organization, with Yasser Arafat its first leader
- March: After Eshkol dies in office, Golda Meir becomes Israel’s first prime minister
- July: The War of Attrition begins between Israel and Egypt
- December: The TCG Yavuz, formerly Yavuz Sultan Selim and before that, SMS Goeben, a German battlecruiser launched in 1911 and in Turkish possession since 1914, is sold for scrap
- June: Israel gains full sovereignty from Italy
- July: Sultan Said bin Tamur of Muscat and Oman is overthrown in a coup by his son, Qaboos bin Said al Said
- August: A ceasefire is signed between Israel and Egypt
- September: The Jordanian Civil War begins
- October: A cholera outbreak occurs in Istanbul
- November: Hafez al-Assad executes a coup in Syria
- March: al-Assad officially becomes president of Syria
- April: Iraq and Syria agree to form a second union, this time as a confederation which also includes Kuwait. Later, in response to nationwide riots, a state of emergency is declared in 11 provinces of Turkey, including Ankara Province
- May: The Arab Confederation is formed between Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait. Later, American forces are completely withdrawn from Kuwait
- July: The Jordanian Civil War ends in loyalist victory
- August: Bahrain declares itself a monarchy under the House of Khalifa
- September: Saudi Arabia occupies Qatar
- October: Iran celebrates the 2,500 year anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire
- November: Iran occupies the Greater and Lesser Tunbs and the island of Abu Musa
- December: The Trucial States are dissolved into the seven independent sheikhdoms of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm Al Quwain
- March: Jordan proposes an end to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by forming the United Arab Kingdom, a union of Jordan and the West Bank, a majority Arab region of Israel along the border between Israel and Jordan. The PLO and other Arab nations reject the proposal
- May: After years of provisional oligarchic leadership, Turkey’s Republican People’s Party, or CHP, elects Mustafa Bulent Ecevit as its leader
- June: Iraq nationalizes the Iraq Petroleum Company
- October: Egypt begins preparations for a limited war with Israel
- April: Fahri Sabit Kohruturk is elected president of Turkey. Later, a raid by Israeli commandos in Beirut, codenamed Operation Spring of Youth, results in the assassination of three PLO leaders and the resignation of Lebanese prime minister Saeb Salam
- May: Ephraim Katzir becomes president of Israel
- July: King Mohammed Zahir Khan is deposed by his brother, Mohammed Daoud Khan
- October: The Yom Kippur War is fought, pitting Israel against Egypt and the Arab Confederation. Israel is victorious, though no terms are imposed. Later, OPEC declares an embargo against the Europapakt for not providing aid to Egypt or the Arab Confederation, triggering the European Oil Crisis
- November: Israel changes its official name to the State of Israel
- January: Though fighting in the Yom Kippur War has, by this point, been over for over two months, an official armistice is signed between Israel, the Arab Confederation, and Egypt
- March: The OPEC embargo on the Europapakt is lifted, ending the European Oil Crisis
- April: Meir resigns and is replaced by Yitzhak Rabin
- July: After a Turkish-backed coup occurs in Cyprus and Turkish troops are deployed on the island at the behest of the new government, Greece invades, starting the Second Cyprus War
- August: Greek forces withdraw from Cyprus, ending the Second Cyprus War
- September: Cyprus changes its official name to the Turkish Republic of Cyprus, effectively making it a Turkish puppet state. Later, the Cypriot Genocide begins
- March: The Rastakhiz Party is declared the sole legal political party in Iran. Later, a four-party coalition government, the National Front, is formed by Suleyman Demriel and becomes the 39th government of Turkey
- April: The Lebanese Civil War begins
- December: Soviet premier Alexei Kosygin visits Turkey to request that Turkey remain neutral in the war between the Soviet Union and Germany, which had begun in the summer. Koruturk makes no definitive guarantees
World War III and Beyond
Pictured: Mass demonstrations in Tehran during the Iranian Revolution, date unknown
No major events occurred in the Middle East in 1976
1977
- June: Menachim Begin becomes prime minister of Israel, forming Israel’s first leftist government
- November: Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, becomes the first Arab leader to visit Israel
- January: The Iranian Revolution begins
- March: Israel intervenes in the Lebanese Civil War
- April: The Georgian Uprising begins in Reichskommissariat Kaukasien. Later, a Soviet-backed coup occurs in Afghanistan, forming the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
- January: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi flees to Aswan, Egypt
- March: Egypt becomes the first Arab country to recognize Israel
- July: Upon the resignation of Hasan al-Bakr, Hussein becomes president of Iraq
- August: The Internationale Incident occurs when students at the opening ceremony of the Middle East Technical University sing The Internationale instead of the Turkish national anthem and are arrested, sparking a riot that kills 15 and injures 24
- November: Khomeini, now a leader of the Iranian revolutionaries, encourages over 500 students to storm the American embassy in Tehran, sparking the Iranian Hostage Crisis
- December: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi is officially overthrown in Iran and replaced by Khomeini, forming the Islamic Republic of Iran and ending the Iranian Revolution. Later, after mujahideen fighters rise up against the Communist government in Afghanistan, the Soviet Union intervenes, starting the Soviet-Afghan War
- January: The Ikhwan Insurgency begins in northern Saudi Arabia
- April: In Operation Eagle Claw, American special forces are deployed to Iran to rescue hostages from the American embassy in Tehran. Of the 77 hostages (90 were taken initially, but 13 were released shortly after the start of the crisis), only eight are killed, ending the Iranian Hostage Crisis
- June: The Muslim Brotherhood attempts to assassinate al-Assad. They are unsuccessful, and the Syrian Arab Army is deployed to crack down on their operations in Syria
- July: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi dies in exile
- September: Iraq launches an invasion of Iran, starting the Iran-Iraq War. Later, a military coup occurs in Turkey, installing a considerably more pro-German government under Kenan Evren
- October: Turkey invades Georgia and Armenia, now once again SSRs, making them the only Middle Eastern power to fight in World War III
- January: Following a massive Soviet invasion, Turkey sues for peace
- May: Mehmet Ali Agca assassinates Pope John Paul II in Istanbul. A papal conclave elects Jorge Mario Bergoglio, taking the pontifical name Pope Frances, as pope, making him simultaneously the first Jesuit pope, the first South American pope, and the first pope from the southern hemisphere. He is also the first non-European pope since Gregory III, the Syrian-born pope in the 8th Century
- June: Fearing an Iraqi nuclear weapons program, the Israeli Air Force bombs and destroys the Osirak nuclear reactor near Baghdad, Iraq’s only nuclear reactor
- August: The Arab Confederation is dissolved after Syria and Kuwait proclaim their neutrality in the Iran-Iraq War
- October: All political parties in Turkey are declared dissolved
- February: The Hama Uprising is initiated by the Muslim Brotherhood. The Syrian Arab Army is quickly sent in
- March: The Hama Uprising fails with heavy civilian casualties. Later, demonstrations against al-Assad’s government begin
- April: The IDF withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula
- June: Israel officially invades Lebanon, starting the Lebanon War. Later, upon the death of King Khalid of Saudi Arabia, Fahd becomes the king
- September: The Syrian Civil War begins
- March: Chaim Herzog is elected president of Israel
- April: Turkey’s ban on political activity is lifted
- May: Turkey’s first new political parties are formed
- July: While the IDF withdraws from Beirut, they remain active in southern Lebanon
- August: Begin retires from politics
- October: The stocks of four of Israel’s largest banks collapse, starting the Bank Stock Crisis
- November: Kurdistan declares independence from Turkey under a Communist government, the Kurdish People’s Republic. Under Soviet pressure, Turkey recognizes them
- December: The Bank Stock Crisis escalates into the Israeli Fiscal Crisis
- January: The January Revolution occurs in Turkey, resulting in the formation of a Soviet client state, the Socialist Republic of Turkey, while the old Turkish government goes into exile on Cyprus
- March: Iraq accuses Iran of using chemical warfare in the Iran-Iraq War
- April: The Soviet Army announces that it has captured a force of 118 mujahideen flying the flag of the Turkestan Legion
- July: Israel introduces the Economic Recovery Plan to combat the Fiscal Crisis
- August: In order to aid in Israel’s economic recovery, Germany begins sending reparations
If you have any questions, feel free to ask. The next timeline will be of events in Asia and Oceania from 1939 to 1985. Farewell!