Neue Sonne Uber Europa is my personal take on an Axis victory scenario, spanning from 1939 to 1985 and depicting a five-way Cold War between Germany, Italy, Japan, the Soviet Union, and the United States. This final part will be covering the Americas, the last bastion of freedom in the world thanks to the watchful eye of Uncle Sam... right?
The other four timelines can be found here:
Europe
Africa
Middle East
Asia and Oceania
World War II and the Truman Presidency
Pictured: Dwight D. Eisenhower, five-star US Army general and future president of the United States, briefs the troops before a counter-attack in Britain, c.1945
1939
Pictured: Loyalist fighters during the Cuban Civil War, c. December 1959
1953
Pictured: Baptist minister and civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. delivers the "I Have a Dream" speech to the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, c. August 1963
1960 (cont.)
Pictured: A Brazilian UH-1 Iroquois helicopter used during the Araguaia Guerilla War, c. October 1973
1969
Pictured: An American M60 tank in Germany during World War III, c. 1980
1975 (cont.)
The other four timelines can be found here:
Europe
Africa
Middle East
Asia and Oceania
World War II and the Truman Presidency
Pictured: Dwight D. Eisenhower, five-star US Army general and future president of the United States, briefs the troops before a counter-attack in Britain, c.1945
1939
- April: The Federal Security Agency (FSA), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), and Public Health Service (PHS) are founded in the United States
- May: Lina Medina from Peru becomes the youngest medically confirmed mother in history, giving birth at five years old
- September: American president Franklin D. Roosevelt declares that the United States will make every effort to remain neutral in World War II, which has just started. Later, Canada declares war on Germany
- October: Operation Fish, the evacuation of wealth in Britain to Canada, begins
- April: Booker T. Washington becomes the first African-American to be depicted on a postage stamp
- May: Roosevelt asks for approximately $900 million to build 50,000 airplanes per year. Later, the Crypt of Civilization time capsule is closed at Oglethorpe University in Brookhaven, Georgia, USA to be opened in the year 8113 C.E.
- June: Roosevelt denounces the Italian declaration of war on Britain and France. Later, the Civil Aeronautics Administration is reassigned to the Department of Commerce, the Food and Drug Administration is reassigned to the FSA, and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service is reassigned to the Department of the Interior
- July: The United States announces that it will not recognize the Soviet occupation of the Baltic States
- September: Jose Felix Estigarribia, president of Paraguay, is killed in a plane crash
- October: Draft registration for 16 million men in the United States begins
- November: Roosevelt is elected for a third term as president, the only president to do so
- December: Manuel Avila Camancho becomes president of Mexico
- February: The United States House of Representatives passes the Lend-Lease Act, which would allow for supplies to be sent to Britain and her allies
- March: The United States Senate passes the Lend-Lease Act, bringing it into law
- April: The US gains full military defense rights in Greenland. Later, the America First Committee, or AFC, an isolationist pressure group led by Charles Lindbergh, holds its first major rally
- June: German and Italian assets in the United States are frozen
- July: The Ecuadorian-Peruvian War is fought, ending in Peruvian victory and the signing of the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, mediated by Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and the United States. Peru gains disputed territory from Ecuador and Ecuador renounces its claims to access to the Amazon and Maranon by land
- October: Roosevelt approves a $1 billion loan to the Soviet Union
- November: The United States occupies Dutch Suriname to protect the bauxite mines there
- December: Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japan, the United States, Panama, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Guatemala join World War II on the side of the Allies
- January: 26 countries, mostly ones in the Americas, sign the Declaration by United Nations, agreeing not to make a separate peace with the Axis and forming the United Nations, or UN. Later, American troops land in Northern Ireland, becoming the first American troops in Europe
- February: Executive Order 9066 is signed, beginning the internment of “Axis-Americans” (German-Americans, Italian-Americans, and Japanese-Americans). Later, Canada also begins interning Japanese-Canadians
- May: Mexico declares war on Germany
- June: Operation Pastorius heavily damages American industry, but does not cripple the economy as hoped. Later, the Aleutian Islands Campaign begins after Japan invades the namesake islands, part of the Territory of Alaska
- August: Brazil declares war on Germany
- December: Gasoline rationing begins in the United States
- April: Bolivia declares war on Germany
- June: A military coup occurs in Argentina
- July: Colombia declares war on Germany
- August: Japanese forces are repelled from the Aleutian Islands. This becomes the only land campaign fought in the American Theater of the war
- December: The Works Progress Administration is closed, with unemployment in the US falling to pre-Depression levels quickly due to the war
- January: Roosevelt proposes the Bill of Economic Rights to secure every American citizen’s right to things such as adequate housing, freedom from monopolies, and employment
- July: The first contingent of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force arrives in Britain
- August: The first wave of British evacuees arrives in Canada
- October: The Guatemalan Revolution begins
- November: Roosevelt is elected for a fourth term
- January: The British government, now effectively a government-in-exile, is given joint jurisdiction over Canada, shared with the government of Canada
- February: Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela declare war on Germany
- March: Argentina declares war on Germany
- April: Chile declares war on Japan. Later, Roosevelt dies and is succeeded by his vice president, Harry S. Truman. Later still, the Treaty of Pearl Harbor is signed, ending the war with Japan for the United States and the rest of the UN
- May: The United States and other UN members sign the Treaty of Versailles, ending the war with Germany
- June: The Charter of the United Nations is signed, inducting countries that joined the war against the Axis but did not join the alliance into it and forming the United Nations General Assembly, or UNGA
- July: Trinity, the first ever nuclear weapons test, is conducted in New Mexico
- September: Japanese-American Iva Toguri D’Aquino is arrested on suspicion of being World War II propagandist Tokyo Rose
- October: Getulio Vargas resigns as president of Brazil
- November: After two months of being imprisoned without trial, D’Aquino goes on trial and is found guilty of high treason. She is sentenced to death
- December: Eurico Gaspar Dutra is elected president of Brazil
- January: The Dutch government-in-exile is given authority over Suriname. Later, D’Aquino is executed by firing squad
- February: Juan Peron is elected president of Argentina
- March: Suriname annexes French Guiana
- June: The War Relocation Authority is disbanded in the United States. However, with the passing of the Hostile Citizen Act, Japanese-Americans and Italian-Americans are placed on the same legal level as African-Americans. German-Americans, however, are exempt
- December: The Danish government-in-exile is given authority over Greenland
- January: The Canadian Citizenship Act is passed, separating Canadian and British citizenship. However, British refugees may also register their citizenship as “Georgian British”.
- February: Blossom I, a captured American V-2 rocket, is launched carrying fruit flies and plant material, making them the first living things in space.
- April: The First Freedom Ride occurs, later serving as an inspiration to the Civil Rights Movement. Later, Frederik IX is crowned King of Denmark in Nuuk
- May: Eastern Airline Flight 605 crashes near Bainbridge, Maryland, killing all 53 aboard in the worst aviation disaster in American history up to this point
- June: George Marshall, the United States Secretary of State, outlines the Marshall Plan for economic aid to other member states of the UN
- July: The National Malaria Eradication Program begins in the United States. Later, with the signing of the National Security Act of 1947, the Central Intelligence Agency, or CIA, Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, or JCS, and National Security Council, or NSC, are formed
- September: Women’s suffrage is implemented in Argentina. Later, the United States Air Force is established as an independent branch of the United States Armed Forces and the Department of War is renamed the Department of the Army and reassigned to the Department of Defense
- October: Truman makes the first televised presidential address, speaking on the global food crises
- November: The Screen Actors Guild, or SAG, implements an oath of loyalty, swearing opposition to Communism, Fascism, and Nazism. Later, Princess Elizabeth, daughter of George VI, marries Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, who gains the title of Duke of Edinburgh, in Toronto
- March: The Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica votes to overturn the results of the presidential elections held in February, starting the Costa Rican Civil War
- April: The Marshall Plan begins, with the US providing economic aid to its allies. Later, the Organization of American States, or OAS, an organization promoting cooperation between the nations of the Americas, is formed. Later still, The Costa Rican Civil War ends in rebel victory. The results of the presidential election are respected, making Otilio Ulate president, a new constitution is introduced, and Costa Rica’s military is abolished
- June: The US launches Albert I, a rhesus macaque, into space, making him the first primate in space
- July: A new peacetime draft is implemented in the US. Later, Newfoundland, formerly a British dominion separate from the Dominion of Canada and, up to this point, governed separately by the British government-in-exile, is made a province of Canada. Later still, racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces is ended with Executive Order 9981
- August: The House Un-American Activities Committee, or HUAC, holds its first televised congressional hearing, the subject being Whittaker Chambers’s accusations of Alger Hiss being a German spy
- September: Wilhelmina, queen of the Netherlands since 1890, abdicates for health reasons and is succeeded by Juliana. Later, Margaret Chase Smith is elected senator, making her the first woman to serve in both chambers of the United States Congress
- November: The trial of leaders of the Communist Party of the United States of America, or CPUSA, America First Party, or AFP, SRDP, and other parties suspected of being pro-Soviet, pro-German, pro-Italian, or pro-Japanese begins. Later, Truman is re-elected president in the first tri-candidate presidential election since 1924, beating out Thomas E. Dewey of the Republican Party and Strom Thurmond of the States’ Rights Democratic Party, AKA the SRDP or just the Dixiecrat Party. He also takes on a vice president, Alben W. Barkley. Later still, a military coup occurs in Venezuela
- December: The UNGA issues the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- January: Luis Munoz Marin becomes the first democratically elected governor of Puerto Rico
- February: The awarding of the first Bollingen Prize for Poetry is delayed to 1951 under pressure from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI, after the Bollingen Foundation attempts to give the award to Ezra Pound, an expatriate living in Italy and openly pro-Fascist
- June: The Maroon Scare, a period of intense paranoia in the United States over the influence of Communism (which is represented by red), Fascism, and National Socialism (which are represented by brown, which makes maroon when mixed with red, hence the name), begins when prominent figures such as Helen Keller, Dorothy Parker, and Danny Kaye are named as either suspected Communists, Fascists, or Nazis in an FBI report. Later, the highly influential dystopia 1984 by George Orwell is published in Ottawa
- August: The Avro Canada C102 Jetliner becomes the first jet powered airliner to fly in North America. Later, six of the last 16 veterans of the American Civil War who fought for the Union meet in Indianapolis, Indiana
- September: Howard Unruh, a World War II veteran armed with a Luger P08 he supposedly captured from a German officer in the Scottish Highlands, becomes the first single-episode mass murderer in the United States after killing 13 of his neighbors in 12 minutes in Camden, New Jersey. Later, Samuel Putnam publishes the first version of Don Quixote in contemporary English
- December: The Dutch government-in-exile officially renounces its claims to Indonesia
- January: Truman orders the start of development on the hydrogen bomb
- February: A United States Air Force B-36 Peacemaker strategic bomber armed with a Mark 4 nuclear bomb goes missing off of Canada’s west coast, the first Broken Arrow, or incident of the United States losing a nuclear weapon
- May: The United States Maritime Administration, or MARAD, is formed
- June: Truman orders that military aid be provided to Manchukuo
- July: In the final match of the 1950 FIFA World Cup, Uruguay beats Brazil 2-1
- September: The first broadcast network in South America, Rede Tupi, is founded in Brazil
- October: Vargas is re-elected president of Brazil. Later, the Puerto Rican Revolution begins
- November: Puerto Rican nationalists attempt to assassinate Truman, but are unsuccessful. Later, President Carlos Delgado Chalbaud of Venezuela is assassinated
- February: The first Pan-American Games are opened in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Later, the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, limiting the President of the United States (currently still Truman) to two terms is ratified
- March: Rocket 88, sung by Jackie Brenston with instrumentals by the Kings of Rhythm, led by Ike Turner, is recorded, becoming a candidate for the disputed title of the first rock and roll record. Later, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are tried to conspiracy to commit espionage and sentenced to death
- May: The first thermonuclear weapon is tested by the United States on Graham Island, which had previously been evacuated. Later, a military coup occurs in Bolivia
- July: The George Washington Carver Monument becomes the first monument honoring an African-American
- September: Charlotte Whitton becomes mayor of Ottawa, becoming the first woman to be a mayor of a major Canadian city
- October: The Organization of Central American States, or ODECA, is formed. Later, Winston Churchill replaces Louis St. Laurent as prime minister of Canada, becoming the first member of the British government-in-exile to officially hold an office in the government of Canada
- November: Exercise Desert Rock, the first military exercise for nuclear war, is held in Nevada. Later, Peron is re-elected president of Argentina
- December: The Marshall Plan expires, having delivered over $13.3 billion USD in financial aid
- February: Elizabeth II succeeds George VI as Queen of the United Kingdom. Later, Vincent Massey becomes the first governor-general of Canada born in-country
- March: Fulgencio Batista, a military officer in the Cuban Army and president of Cuba from 1940 to 1944, executes a coup in Cuba, making himself military dictator. Later, the British government-in-exile announces that the children of citizens registered as “Georgian British” cannot be registered with the same citizenship, but can now be registered as “Elizabethan British”
- April: The Bolivian National Revolution occurs. Later, Bolivia nationalizes its mines, begins implementing agrarian reform, and grants voting rights to indigenous peoples and women
- June: The United States Army Special Forces is formed
- November: The United States detonates its first hydrogen bomb. Later, Dwight D. Eisenhower, a US Army general who had served in World War II most notably as overall commander of American forces in Britain, is elected president
Pictured: Loyalist fighters during the Cuban Civil War, c. December 1959
1953
- February: The Rosenbergs appeal to Eisenhower for clemency, but are turned down
- April: In Ottawa, Francis Crick and James Watson publish their description for the structure of DNA
- June: The formal coronation of Elizabeth II is held in Ottawa. Later, the Rosenbergs are executed by electric chair
- October: British Guiana changes its name to just Guiana
- November: Puerto Williams, Chile is founded, becoming the southernmost settlement in the world
- January: The world’s first nuclear submarine, the USS Nautilus, is launched
- February: The first mass polio vaccination of children begins in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- March: The United States grants Puerto Rico independence and promises to withdraw its troops, ending the Puerto Rican Revolution
- April: The United States Air Force Academy is founded in Colorado
- May: A coup occurs in Paraguay. Later, in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the United States Supreme Court unanimously votes that segregation in schools is unconstitutional, violating the 14th Amendment
- June: The HUAC deems the pledge of allegiance “un-American” and it is banned from schools. Later, the CIA engineers a coup in Guatemala, starting the Guatemalan Civil War
- July: The first volume of J.R.R. Tolkein’s fantasy trilogy The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, is published in Ottawa
- August: Following a seizure, Emillie Dionne dies, becoming the first of the Dionne Quintuplets to do so. Later, Vargas commits suicide
- November: The United States Marine Corps War Memorial is dedicated by Eisenhower at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia, memorializing the lives lost in the Guadalcanal Campaign
- December: The Dutch-owned islands of Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao are directly integrated into Suriname
- January: Jose Ramon Guizado becomes president of Panama
- March: Following a violent incident during a match, French Canadian ice hockey player Maurice Richard is suspended, sparking riots in Ottawa
- April: Citing ill health, Churchill resigns and is replaced by St. Laurent as prime minister of Canada and Anthony Eden at prime minister of the British government-in-exile
- June: Anti-Peronist elements of the Argentine Armed Forces bomb the Plaza de Mayo in an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Peron, killing 308 civilians
- August: ODECA’s first meeting is held in Antigua, Guatemala
- September: A coup occurs in Argentina, finally ousting Peron
- October: The secretariat for ODECA is inaugurated
- December: The Montgomery Bus Boycott begins after Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger
- March: 96 congressmen from the southern United States sign the Southern Manifesto in protest of the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
- May: The United Methodist Church, in the United States, decides to grant women full ordained clergy status and end racial segregation in the denomination
- June: In Browder v. Gayle, the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama votes 2-1 that bus segregation is unconstitutional, as it violates the 14th Amendment. Later, the flag of the United States Army is dedicated
- September: Anastasio Somoza Garcia, dictator of Nicaragua since 1937, is assassinated
- October: The Royal Canadian Air Force’s last Avro Lancaster bomber is retired
- November: Eisenhower is re-elected for a second term. He chooses to keep his previous vice president, Richard Nixon. Later, the Supreme Court affirms the Browder v. Gayle decision and the Montgomery Bus Boycott ends
- December: The Cuban Crisis begins after eventual revolutionary leaders Fidel Castro and Che Guevara land in Cuba
- January: Harold Macmillan becomes prime minister of the British government-in-exile
- June: John Diefenbaker becomes prime minister of Canada
- September: The Civil Rights Act of 1957 is enacted in the United States, restoring the civil rights of Italian-Americans. Japanese-Americans and African-Americans, however, remain discriminated against
- January: The British Caribbean islands unite to form the West Indies Federation, or WIF
- February: Ruth Carol Taylor becomes the first African-American woman to become a flight attendant, working for Mohawk Airlines. Later, Arturo Frondizi is elected president of Argentina
- April: Castro and Guevara’s supporters, the 26th of July Movement, begin attacks on government installations, especially in Havana. Later, the 1958 World’s Fair is opened in Montreal by Elizabeth II
- May: In an event known as the May 13 Incident, or the Caracas Incident, during a visit by Nixon to the Venezuelan capital, anti-American demonstrators attack his car
- June: The Justicialist Party, which was banned after Peron was deposed, is relegalized in Argentina
- July: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA, is formed in the United States
- August: Taylor is fired due to Mohawk Airlines’s ban on married women working as flight attendants. Later, the Communist Party of Chile is re-legalized. Later still, a general strike is called in Paraguay
- September: Jorge Alessandri is elected president of Chile
- December: Adolfo Lopez Mateos becomes president of Mexico. Later, Batista flees Cuba after rebel forces capture Santa Clara
- January: Alaska becomes the 49th state of the United States. Later, Havana falls to the 26th of July Movement, triggering the Cuban Civil War
- March: The Hawaii Admission Act is signed by Eisenhower, making Hawaii eligible for statehood even though it’s owned by Japan
- June: Venezuela attempts to invade the Dominican Republic, but is unsuccessful
- November: The UN adopts the League of Nations’s Declaration of the Rights of the Child
- February: The Greensboro Sit-Ins begin in the southern United States, protesting segregated seating in restaurants. Later, the 1960 Winter Olympics begin in California
- March: Batista loyalist leader Jesus Sosa Blanco announces that Castro has been killed. Later, a force of Cuban political exiles dubbed Brigade 2506 intervenes in the Cuban Civil War
- April: Controversially, in the 1960 United States census, all US citizens of Latin American origin are listed as white, including Afro-Dominicans. Later, the capital of Brazil is moved from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia
- May: The Civil Rights Act of 1960 is enacted, allowing people of all races to vote in the United States
- June: The Quebec Liberal Party wins a general election in Quebec, beginning the Quiet Revolution
- July: The current 50-star flag of the United States is adopted
- September: Mateos nationalizes the Mexican electrical system
- October: Janio Quadros is elected president of Brazil
- November: John F. Kennedy is elected president of the United States
Pictured: Baptist minister and civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. delivers the "I Have a Dream" speech to the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, c. August 1963
1960 (cont.)
- December: El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua form the Central American Common Market
- January: A military junta ousts another junta in El Salvador
- March: The Alliance for Progress, an economic alliance between the United States and various Latin American countries, is formed
- April: The Dominican Republic launches an invasion of Cuba in support of Batista’s loyalists, starting the Cuban-Dominican War
- May: Race riots break out in Alabama, resulting in a declaration of martial law. Later, Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo is assassinated. He is succeeded by his son, Ramfis
- June: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and Canadian Labour Congress are merged to form the New Democratic Party
- August: Joao “Jango” Goulart replaces Quadros as president of Brazil
- November: Trujillo is deposed and goes to Spain in exile and Dominican forces are withdrawn from Cuba, ending the Cuban-Dominican War
- December: Guevara flees Cuba, resulting in an overall collapse of the 26th of July Movement
- January: A coup and counter-coup both occur in the Dominican Republic, preserving its new democratic government but bringing in a new president, Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly
- February: The United States announces its embargo against Haiti until the government of Francois Duvalier is deposed
- July: Over a third of Macmillan’s cabinet is dismissed, an event dubbed the Night of the Long Knives
- August: Jamaica declares independence from the West Indies Federation
- September: Kennedy announces that the US will put a man on the moon by the end of the decade
- November: Batista’s remaining loyalists in Cuba surrender to Brigade 2506, ending the Cuban Civil War. The Democratic Transitional Government, or GDT, is formed
- February: Juan Bosch becomes president of the Dominican Republic
- April: American Baptist minister and civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King Jr. issues his Letter From Birmingham Jail. Later, the Quebec Liberation Front, or FLQ, bombs a Canadian Army barracks, sparking the Quebec Crisis
- August: The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the largest protest in American history up to this point, occurs
- September: A coup occurs in the Dominican Republic
- October: A coup occurs in Honduras. Later, Alec Douglas-Home becomes prime minister of the British government-in-exile
- November: Kennedy is assassinated. His vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson, is sworn in to serve out the rest of Kennedy’s term
- January: Riots occur in the Panama Canal Zone
- March: A coup occurs in Brazil
- April: Marshal Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco is elected president of Brazil, the first of the military dictatorship
- May: The Colombian Conflict begins
- July: Race riots occur in Harlem, New York over the shooting of a teenager by police. Later, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is enacted, effectively ending segregation and restoring the rights of Japanese-Americans
- August: Following an attack on an American destroyer by South Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution is passed, giving Johnson greater power in the Vietnam War
- September: The Warren Commission, an investigation into Kennedy’s assassination, submits its report.
- October: King becomes the youngest ever recipient of a Nobel Peace Prize. Later, following a general election wherein the Conservative Party is defeated by the Labor Party, Harold Wilson becomes prime minister of the British government-in-exile
- November: Johnson is re-elected president of the United States, this time taking on a vice president, Hubert Humphrey. Meanwhile, an armed rebellion in Bolivia leads to the resignation of president Victor Paz Estenssoro and his replacement by rebel leader General Alfredo Ovando Candia
- December: Gustavo Diaz Ordaz becomes president of Mexico
- March: The engagement of Dutch exile Pieter van Vollenhoven to Princess Margriet is announced, which will make van Vollenhoven the first commoner to marry into the Dutch royal family
- April: The Dominican Civil War begins
- May: The United States intervenes in the Dominican Civil War on the side of the loyalists. Later, the Inter-American Peace Force is formed between Brazil, Paraguay, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Honduras as a peacekeeping force in the Dominican Republic and sent there
- July: Medicare and Medicaid are formed in the United States
- September: The Dominican Civil War ends in loyalist victory. However, presidential elections are scheduled for 1966. Later, Manuel Artime, head of the GDT, announces that all Cuban-Americans are eligible for Cuban citizenship “by birthright”
- October: Argentina announces that it has arrested Guevara. Later, Branco suspends the Brazilian parliament and courts and bans opposition parties
- December: The Caribbean Free Trade Association, or CARIFTA, is formed between Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and the West Indies
- February: Wilson calls for a general election in the British government-in-exile
- March: Crown Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands marries Claus von Amsberg, sparking riots across Suriname due to von Amsberg’s German origins. Later, the Labour Party secures a victory in the British government-in-exile’s general election
- April: The opening of the Anglo-Canadian Parliament is televised for the first time
- May: A presidential election is held in Cuba, which Andres Rivero Aguero of the Progressive Action Party, the president of Cuba before the 1958 coup, wins. The Democratic Transitional Government is replaced by a reconstituted Cuban government
- June: Joaquin Balaguer is elected president of the Dominican Republic. Later, the Division Street Riots occur over the shooting of a young Puerto Rican man in Chicago, Illinois. Later still, a coup occurs in Argentina. General Juan Carlos Ongania becomes president of Argentina, the first of the military junta Argentine Revolution
- July: Rene Barrientos is elected president of Bolivia. Later, in an event known as the Night of the Long Batons, Argentine police violently dislodge anti-junta students from five facilities of the University of Buenos Aires
- November: For reasons never clarified, the WIF moves its capital to Bridgetown, Barbados
- February: Anastasio Somoza Debayle becomes president of Nicaragua. Later, Donald Sangster becomes prime minister of Jamaica
- March: Franz Stangl visits Brazil. After the CIA tips the local police off that he was a former commander of the Treblinka and Sobibor extermination camps, they arrest him and he is sentenced to death. Later, Oscar Gestido becomes president of Uruguay
- April: Stangl is executed by electric chair. Germany retaliates by cutting off all diplomatic relations with Brazil
- May: Mexican school teacher Lucio Cabanas begins a rebellion in the state of Guerrero against the rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI
- June: Margrethe, heir presumptive to the throne of Denmark, marries Count Henri de Laborde de Monpezat
- July: Canada celebrates the 100-year anniversary of the founding of the Dominion of Canada. Later, homosexuality is decriminalized in Canada; however, same-sex intercourse isn’t
- August: George Lincoln Rockwell, leader of the underground American Nazi Party, is assassinated by World War II veteran Alan Baker. Later, Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African-American justice of the Supreme Court
- October: Abortion is legalized in Canada
- November: The Congress of Colombia declares November 14 to be the Day of the Colombian Woman
- December: Gestido dies in office, resulting in his vice president, Jorge Pacheco Areco, becoming president of Uruguay
- April: King is assassinated, sparking nationwide riots known as the Holy Week Uprising. Later, Pierre Elliott Trudeau becomes prime minister of Canada
- May: The Holy Week Uprising ends
- June: Robert F. Kennedy, brother of John F. Kennedy and Democrat candidate in the upcoming United States presidential election, is assassinated. He is replaced by Humphrey. Later, the March of the One Hundred Thousand, a mass protest against the military government of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro, occurs
- October: A coup occurs in Peru. Later, another coup occurs in Panama
- November: In another tri-candidate election, Nixon is elected president, beating Humphrey, representing the Democrat party, and Alabama governor George Wallace, representing the newly formed American Independent Party. Meanwhile, Antonio J. Gonzalez is elected president of Puerto Rico
Pictured: A Brazilian UH-1 Iroquois helicopter used during the Araguaia Guerilla War, c. October 1973
1969
- February: The FLQ bombs the Montreal Stock Exchange
- May: Robert Lee Rayford dies of HIV/AIDS, the earliest known case of the disease in North America. Later, the Rosariazo and Cordobazo, a series of protests against Argentine Revolution in the Argentine provinces of Rosario and Cordoba respectively, begin. The Cordobazo ends in the same month. Later still, the Andean Pact, a customs union between Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia, is formed
- June: Same-sex intercourse is legalized in Canada. A day later, the Stonewall Riots begin in the United States
- July: The Stonewall Riots end, starting the path to gay liberation in the United States. Later, the Football War is fought between Honduras and El Salvador, ending after four days in an OAS mediated ceasefire
- September: The Rosariazo ends
- June: Edward Heath becomes prime minister of the British government-in-exile
- September: Salvador Allende is elected president of Chile
- October: The FLQ kidnaps James Cross, a British exile trade commissioner, and demands the release of FLQ political prisoners, escalating the Quebec Crisis. Later, Candia resigns and is replaced as president of Bolivia by Rogelio Miranda, but he resigns in the same day and is replaced by Juan Jose Torres
- December: Luis Echeverria becomes president of Mexico. Later, the FLQ releases Cross in exchange for the release of five political prisoners
- January: The Tupamaros, a Communist guerilla group in Uruguay, kidnaps the British government-in-exile’s ambassador to Uruguay, Geoffrey Jackson, prompting president Areco to be given emergency powers for 90 days
- March: A coup occurs in Argentina, though Argentine Revolution remains in power
- June: Nixon declares the start of the War on Drugs
- July: The 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, lowering the minimum age to vote from 21 to 18. Later, Nixon announces his intention to visit Japan in 1972
- August: A coup occurs in Bolivia, sparking a rebellion. Miners and students attempt to prevent president Torres from losing power, but ultimately, he is ousted by Hugo Banzer. Later, for the first time since its formation, the Social Credit government of Alberta is defeated in a general election and replaced by the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta
- October: Pierre Vallieres, the leader of the FLQ, is killed and the organization is disbanded, ending the Quebec Crisis
- January: The Communist Party of Brazil launches the Araguaia Guerilla War
- February: Nixon visits Japan, allowing the American public to view mainland Japan for the first time in more than 30 years. During the trip, he meets with the Showa Emperor and the current prime minister, Eisaku Sato (who will be replaced by Kakuei Tanaka in five months)
- March: Jaun Maria Bordaberry becomes president of Uruguay, albeit he is accused of electoral fraud. Later, the 27th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, guaranteeing equal rights for American citizens regardless of sex or gender
- June: Five White House operatives are arrested for breaking into and stealing from the offices of the Democratic National Committee, starting the Watergate Scandal
- November: Nixon is re-elected president of the United States
- January: In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court of the United States rules that the right to abortion is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause
- February: A military insurrection occurs in Uruguay
- March: Bermuda declares independence from the WIF
- May: Hector Jose Campora is democratically elected president of Argentina, ending Argentine Revolution’s rule
- June: A coup occurs in Uruguay
- July: The BLEVE, or Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion, occurs in Kingman, Arizona, killing 11 firefighters and causing catastrophic damage. The event is studied by firefighters to this day. Later, the capital of the WIF moves again, this time to Nassau
- September: A violent US-backed coup occurs in Chile. 60 are killed, including Allende, and General Augusto Pinochet becomes military dictator of the country
- October: The impeachment process against Nixon begins
- November: The War Powers Resolution is enacted in the United States, limiting the president’s ability to wage war with congressional approval. Nixon attempts to veto it, but is overridden by Congress
- December: Congress votes to make Nixon’s vice president, Spiro Agnew, president should Nixon be impeached, with Gerald Ford as the new vice president
- February: A general election in the British government-in-exile’s parliament produces a hung parliament following the Labor Party’s victory
- March: Heath resigns and Wilson is made prime minister of the British government-in-exile again. Later, Ernesto Geisel becomes president of Brazil
- June: Isabel Person, wife of the late Juan Peron, is elected president of Argentina following Campora’s resignation
- August: Nixon is impeached, becoming the first president to be convicted during the impeachment process, and Agnew becomes president, with Ford as vice president
- October: The Araguaia Guerilla War ends in victory for the Brazilian government
- November: A radio message is sent from Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico to the cluster Messier 13, to reach its destination in the year 27000
- February: Operation Independence, an operation by the Argentine Army to eliminate the People’s Revolutionary Army in the province of Tucuman, begins. Peron takes advantage of it to assume extraordinary powers
- August: Following the sinking of USS Maddox, all countries in the Americas, all of which are members of the UN, except for Panama, Chile, and Argentina, declare war on Germany, starting World War III
Pictured: An American M60 tank in Germany during World War III, c. 1980
1975 (cont.)
- September: An attempt on Agnew’s life is thwarted by a Secret Service agent
- November: The Paramaribo Declaration is issued. Upon the liberation of the Netherlands, Suriname will be granted independence
- February: Cuba adopts a new constitution
- March: Panamanian troops attack the Panama Canal Zone, causing the UN to declare war on Panama. The Zone falls under Panamanian occupation before the end of the month. Later, Peron is deposed by the Argentine military and replaced by Jorge Videla, once again creating a military dictatorship in the country
- April: James Callaghan becomes prime minister of the British government-in-exile. Later, in a joint American-Brazilian operation dubbed Operation Rough Rider, American and Brazilian forces drive Panamanian troops out of the Panama Canal Zone and force the country’s surrender. Panama is divided into an American occupation zone west of the Panama Canal and a Brazilian occupation zone to the east
- June: In an operation dubbed Fall Pelikan, four German fighter-bombers launched from two submarines, one Argentine and one Chilean, attack the Gatun Dam, rendering the Panama Canal inoperable. After capturing the submarines and discovering their nations of origin, the UN declares war on Chile and Argentina. Later, Alberto Demicheli becomes president of Uruguay
- July: The United States celebrates the 200 year anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence
- September: Chile sues for peace with the UN
- November: Jimmy Carter is elected president of the United States, becoming the first person from the Deep South to win a presidential election since 1844 (or 1828, depending on if one considers North Carolina to be part of the region or not)
- December: Jose Lopez Portillo becomes president of Mexico
- February: The Treaty of Buenos Aires is signed between Chile, Argentina, and Brazil, the latter representing the whole of the UN, ending the war for them. Argentina and Chile are made to pay hefty war reparations and severely limit the size of their militaries
- May: Star Wars, an American science fiction film about a band of plucky rebels fighting against the Galactic Empire, which is heavily based off of Germany and Japan, is released. Though the director, George Lucas, fears that the release of the film will be seen as in poor taste during wartime, it instead causes enlistment to skyrocket. As such, the US government offers to provide funding for production of two films to make a trilogy, which Lucas accepts
- August: The United States Department of Energy is formed. Later, Uruguay that it will hold elections and return to civilian rule in 1981
- September: American and Brazilian forces withdraw from Panama and a new government under Aristides Royo is formed
- November: Banzer announces that democracy will be restored in Bolivia in 1978
- January: Riots occur in Nicaragua following the assassination of Pedro Joaquin Chamorro Cardenal, a critic of the Debayle regime
- April: Carter orders that the US’s production of the neutron bomb be postponed
- June: At the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade, the LGBT pride flag is flown for the first time
- October: Homebrewing beer is legalized in the United States
- December: Argentina occupies the Beagle Islands, causing Chile to declare war, starting the Beagle War
- January: King Juan Carlos I of Spain visits the United States
- February: As a result of a strike by the New Orleans Police Department, Mardi Gras is canceled
- March: A coup occurs in Grenada, which secedes from the WIF. Later, the Callaghan government of the British government-in-exile loses a vote of no confidence. As a result, a general election is scheduled for May
- May: Greenland is promised independence upon the liberation of Denmark. Later, a general election in the British government-in-exile results in the election of David Steel as prime minister. Later still, the Salvadoran Civil War begins
- June: Joe Clark becomes Canada’s youngest ever prime minister at the age of 40
- July: Debayle resigns and flees to Miami. He is denied asylum there and instead flees to Haiti. His vice president, Francisco Urcuyo, briefly becomes president before handing over power to the Sandinista National Liberation Front, which forms the Junta of National Reconstruction, or JGRN. However, the Nicaraguan Revolution continues and Sandinistas fight against counter-revolutionaries, or Contras
- October: The first pride march in Washington D.C. occurs
- November: A coup occurs in Bolivia
- January: The Spanish embassy in Guatemala is burned down by forces of Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity, the main anti-government force in the Guatemalan Civil War
- February: After an attempted coup, the Dutch government-in-exile cancels its promise for Suriname’s independence
- April: Juliana abdicates and is succeeded by Beatrix as queen of the Netherlands
- May: A sequel to Star Wars, Star Wars II: The Empire Strikes Back, is released, causing an even greater enlistment spike
- August: The British government-in-exile leaves Canada for newly liberated Britain
- November: Carter is re-elected president of the United States
- March: The Treaty of Santiago is signed between Chile and Argentina, ending the Beagle War. The Beagle Islands are awarded to Argentina. Later, Ronald Reagan, the Republican candidate in the 1980 United States presidential election, is assassinated
- September: Gregorio Conrado Alvarez becomes president of Uruguay
- October: The Dutch government-in-exile leaves Suriname for the Netherlands
- November: The United States begins providing support to Contras in Nicaragua
- December: Leopoldo Galtieri becomes president of Argentina
- April: Canada is granted independence from Britain, becoming the Republic of Canada
- June: Galtieri is assassinated, and is replaced by an interim president of Argentina, Alfredo Oscar Saint Jean
- August: The Latin American Debt Crisis begins
- October: Dominion Day is renamed Canada Day
- November: The Yugoslav government-in-exile, hosted by the United States since 1945, leaves for Belgrade
- December: Miguel de la Madrid becomes president of Mexico
- January: Klaus Barbie, former head of the Gestapo in Lyon, having fled to Bolivia during World War III, is found, arrested, and extradited to Germany to stand trial
- February: The Danish government-in-exile leaves Greenland for Denmark
- March: The Republic of Greenland is formed, independent from Denmark
- May: The third and final film in the Star Wars trilogy, Star Wars III: Return of the Jedi, is released. With World War III over, it fails to perform as well as the first two movies, albeit critics say it’s just as good. Lucas tells the press that for now, he has no interest in continuing the series beyond a trilogy under its own power, but if he can get the funding and visual effects technology progresses sufficiently, he may consider extending it into a “trilogy of trilogies” dubbed the “Skywalker Saga”, with a trilogy of prequel films showing the rise of the Empire and Anakin Skywalker’s fall to the Dark Side and a trilogy of sequels about one of Luke’s descendants preventing the Empire’s return
- October: Operation Urgent Fury, an American invasion of Grenada, occurs. Afterwards, Grenada is reintegrated into the WIF. Later, new presidential elections are held in Argentina, which Raul Alfonsin wins
- November: The Zapatista Army of National Liberation is formed and begins its insurgency in northern Mexico
- December: Jaime Lusinchi is elected president of Venezuela
- February: Trudeau announces his intention to retire
- May: Jeanne Sauve is elected the first president of Canada, replacing the office of governor general, with her vice president, replacing the office of prime minister, being John Turner
- November: Daniel Ortega, a leader of the Saninistas, is elected president of Nicaragua. Later, Walter Mondale, previously Carter’s vice president, is elected president of the United States
- January: The JGRN is dissolved
- March: Julio Maria Sanguinetti becomes the first democratically elected president of Uruguay since 1972. Later, democracy is restored in Brazil with the election of Tancredo Neves
- April: Neves dies and his vice president, Jose Sarney, becomes president of Brazil
- May: The Mar del Plata Agreement is signed between Argentina, Brazil, and Britain, the latter two representing the UN. In exchange for the military limitations placed on Argentina by the Treaty of Buenos Aires being lifted, Argentina renounces its claims on the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the Sandwich Islands
