1420-1431
Bohemia
Hussite Wars
Sigismund, King of the Romans, was distracted by the Bavarian Civil war [1420-1422]. More of a family quarrel than a civil war; it was nonetheless on the borders of Bohemia and draining men needed for that struggle. Sigismund eventually brokered a four year truce and then exiled the main protagonists. In Bohemia, meantime, the two sects, Ultraquists and Taborites, quarrelled over power and how to proceed. This pressure was relieved by an invading Crusader army which retreated on hearing Hussite troops were approaching.
Sigismund gathered his forces together and invaded via the passes of Silesia but was again decisively defeated by Zizka east of Prague at Kutna Hora. Zizka did not pursue, allowing Sigismund to escape. For this failure, Zizka was arrested and beheaded.
The Ultraquists offered the Crown to Wladyslaw II of Poland and, when he refused, to Prince Sigismund Korybut, brother of King Vytautas of Lithuania-Smolensk, who accepted on condition the Hussites re-unite with the Catholic Church.
The Taborites rejected this choice; a civil war broke out with Prokop leading the Taborites. The Ultraquists were re-inforced by troops from the areas of Poland and Silesia under their influence along with Lithuanian troops loyal to Korybut.
With both sides using similar methods fighting was indecisive and a peace was agreed late in 1424.
The next attack did not come for two years, the Pope proclaimed yet another Crusade against the Hussites [the fourth]. This was again defeated but this time the Hussites struck back into lands that were supplying crusading troops, attempting to halt that flow. Whilst militarily successful, the second aim failed. Crusaders continued to come.
The Hussite's uninterrupted run of victories forced the Church into negotiations with the majority group, the Ultraquists. They were invited to the Council of Basel in 1431. To provide "encouragement" the Pope also called for another Crusade, this time led by Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg. Supported by 6,000 Polish Hussites, Prokop routed the Crusaders at Domazlice.
The Church, now under pressure from not only German nobles concerned over the democratic nature of the Hussite state but also the constant failure of its military efforts finally came to an agreement with the Ultraquists. Prince Sigismund Korybut was to become King and together with German troops would suppress the Taborite faction.
Kalmar Union
Eric of Pomerania became sole ruler of the Kalmar Union (Sweden, Denmark and Norway), in 1413. Kalmar was already at war with Holstein over Schleswig. Concerned for the safety of Rugen he put it under the protection of Pomerania [which he had re-unified with Stettin in 1404], ceding it to them in 1417. Introducing war dues or taxes on shipping in the Oresund or Sound, in 1420, annoyed the Hanseatic League who declared war in 1422. Eric's forces successfully regained Flensburg from Holstein and his navy defeated an attempt by the League to force the Sound.
League and Brotherhood ships succeeded in controlling the Sound in 1428, landing troops to besiege Copenhagen but these were withdrawn after making no headway. On land, Mecklenburg had joined the alliance and was threatening Pomerania.
Swedish ships, attempting to re-gain control in the Baltic, were destroyed by the combined fleet off of Straslund. Commerce between Kalmar and Baltic Europe was disrupted almost totally. Even the re-inforcement of Dutch ships in alliance with Eric, failed to break the blockade set up by the League.
The Steppes
The Juchi Khanate was finally succumbing to its internal pressures and spawning new Khanates but the borders were still being fought over.