Of course
This maps shows America in 1730. Most of it is controlled by the Spanish Empire (green) and the English colonies are depicted in red.
New France (in pink) was invaded by England in 1712, as well as Teutonic Shanesland.
From Marienburg to Vienna: a Teutonic Timeline
- Thread starter Mario
- Start date
Of course
This maps shows America in 1730. Most of it is controlled by the Spanish Empire (green) and the English colonies are depicted in red.
New France (in pink) was invaded by England in 1712, as well as Teutonic Shanesland.
As I have explained in previous posts, the Empire is far from being a 'country' in some modern sense. The Teutonic Empire is a loose confederation of many quasi-independent political entities linked by the Crown and their adscription (better said, the adscription of their aristocracy/other elites) to Lutheranism. The Imperial Diet would be something simlar to, saving the time distance, the European Parliament, with very restricted powers and the Teutonic Order is just a multi-national military order that sticks to pan-Lutheran ideals.
When a crownland (which can contain several entities) joins the Empire it only implies the adscription to the Teutonic-Lutheran sphere and some advantages in trading, religion (if Lutherans) and military (can call the Order). It would like Bolivia joining Mercosur, for example. The main change it would be accepting the Emperor as supreme authority, but the Teutonic Emperors lack of real political power per se.
Additional profiles of the three new crownlands incorporated until 1730:
58 BR Brabant
T: Ducal.
C: Brussels (Brüssel).
E: Dutch/German and French.
R: Lutheran and Catholic.
59 FL Flanders / Flandern
T: Ducal.
C: Gent.
E: Dutch/German.
R: Lutheran and Catholic.
60 AR Artois / Artesien
T: Ducal.
C: Arras (Atrecht).
E: French, Dutch/German minorities.
R: Mostly Catholic with Lutheran minorities.
58 BR Brabant
T: Ducal.
C: Brussels (Brüssel).
E: Dutch/German and French.
R: Lutheran and Catholic.
59 FL Flanders / Flandern
T: Ducal.
C: Gent.
E: Dutch/German.
R: Lutheran and Catholic.
60 AR Artois / Artesien
T: Ducal.
C: Arras (Atrecht).
E: French, Dutch/German minorities.
R: Mostly Catholic with Lutheran minorities.
CHAPTER XIII: THE TEUTONIC SCHISM
Emperor Ferdinand II dies in 1731 and his eldest son is crowned as Emperor Ferdinand III; however, Ferdinand III suffers a horse accident only fifteen months after, and dies in a few days due to his serious wounds. Ferdinand’s brother, Albert, succeeds him as Emperor Albert I.
Ongoing tensions between Western and Eastern crownlands come to a climax in 1734; the duchy of the Great Lorraine has been affected by a long civil war since 1722 and now, the Lutheran factions (dominant in the Rhineland) want the help of the Teutonic Order in order to defeat the Catholic factions that rule the southern part. The Imperial Diet rejects the plea, outraging the Western crownlands, which want to incorporate the Rhineland to the Empire, due to the strong commercial and historical ties which this wealthy region.
After a series of quarrels, Albert I, who also advocates the intervention in Lorraine, decides to host an extraordinary Diet (something legal, but rarely invoked) in Gent, with many of the Eastern representatives being not able to attending it on time. As the only point of the improvised Diet is to approve urgent intervention in Lorraine, the Western representatives push it forward without the predictable veto of many of the Eastern representatives, who are simply absent.
This dirty trick infuriates many of the Eastern crownlands, to the point that some of them agree on withdrawing from the next Diets. The confrontation escalates to the point of dividing the Empire in two factions: the West hosts its Diet in Vienna, as regular, while the East recovers the Diet in Marienburg. Both sides still recognize the same Emperor and contributes to the Teutonic Order (which is highly decentralized), but split up on carrying a common policy, hosting separate Diets and proclaiming separate edicts. This period is called ‘the Teutonic Schism’.
Thus, each side of the Empire proceeds in their own interests: in 1738, the Low Lorraine (Rhineland) secedes from the duchy of Lorraine and joins the Western Teutonic Empire (61st crownland), while the Eastern side engages in a long and sterile war against an expansionist Russian Tsardom, that, starting in 1741, it would lead to a posterior Russian invasion of a significant part of the Eastern Teutonic Empire (as well as part of the Ottoman Empire).
The division of the Empire is not welcomed by the rising urban ‘medium’ classes composed by merchants, artisans and diverse businessmen, which many intellectuals supporting them. In 1745, the Westphalian writer Robert Rosenberg publishes a book called ‘The Teutonic Ideals’ that will have a great impact in those urban classes: the book makes an apology of the Teutonic ideals that have been usually linked to pan-Lutheranism, but develops them further for claiming more political power and representativeness to the people, appointing the demand of more democracy as a ‘Lutheran virtue’.
In the period between 1745 and 1751, many popular revolts affect both sides of the Empire, expressing their dissatisfaction with the political situation and demanding a democratic improvement of the institutions. Calls for the unity of the ‘Teutonic nations’ becomes usual in both sides, and the urban classes blame the medium aristocracy, tipped as ‘obsolete’ by them, for damaging the Empire.
In 1751, the city of Lemberg, occupied by the Russians since 1743, starts a series of popular uprisings against both the invaders and the former Teutonic aristocracy. Considering the worrying situation, the Emperor calls all the crownland leaders from both sides to reconcile at a special Diet in Prag. Even if almost all of them attend the Diet, it largely fails as no agreement is reached about nothing.
In 1753, the Teutonic Order takes control of Lemberg, but the duchy of Galicia is not restored, as the officers of the city refuse to recognize the rights of the heir of the last duke to return to the city (the last duke fled when the Russians arrived, with part of the duchy’s treasure). Hostility against the aristocracy increases in 1754, after the massacre of a crowd of people in Stettin during a riot against some unpopular policies of the duke of Pomerania.
Albert I recalls the crownland leaders to a new Diet in Breslau in 1755. Even if no significant agreement is reached again, at least this time the Emperor convinces all of them to reunite the regular Diet again in Vienna, ending the ‘Teutonic Schism’. Anyway, the Schism has just boosted the germ of a revolution in the societies of the Teutonic nations, and now it is absolutely unstoppable.
Europe in the decade of 1740:
Emperor Ferdinand II dies in 1731 and his eldest son is crowned as Emperor Ferdinand III; however, Ferdinand III suffers a horse accident only fifteen months after, and dies in a few days due to his serious wounds. Ferdinand’s brother, Albert, succeeds him as Emperor Albert I.
Ongoing tensions between Western and Eastern crownlands come to a climax in 1734; the duchy of the Great Lorraine has been affected by a long civil war since 1722 and now, the Lutheran factions (dominant in the Rhineland) want the help of the Teutonic Order in order to defeat the Catholic factions that rule the southern part. The Imperial Diet rejects the plea, outraging the Western crownlands, which want to incorporate the Rhineland to the Empire, due to the strong commercial and historical ties which this wealthy region.
After a series of quarrels, Albert I, who also advocates the intervention in Lorraine, decides to host an extraordinary Diet (something legal, but rarely invoked) in Gent, with many of the Eastern representatives being not able to attending it on time. As the only point of the improvised Diet is to approve urgent intervention in Lorraine, the Western representatives push it forward without the predictable veto of many of the Eastern representatives, who are simply absent.
This dirty trick infuriates many of the Eastern crownlands, to the point that some of them agree on withdrawing from the next Diets. The confrontation escalates to the point of dividing the Empire in two factions: the West hosts its Diet in Vienna, as regular, while the East recovers the Diet in Marienburg. Both sides still recognize the same Emperor and contributes to the Teutonic Order (which is highly decentralized), but split up on carrying a common policy, hosting separate Diets and proclaiming separate edicts. This period is called ‘the Teutonic Schism’.
Thus, each side of the Empire proceeds in their own interests: in 1738, the Low Lorraine (Rhineland) secedes from the duchy of Lorraine and joins the Western Teutonic Empire (61st crownland), while the Eastern side engages in a long and sterile war against an expansionist Russian Tsardom, that, starting in 1741, it would lead to a posterior Russian invasion of a significant part of the Eastern Teutonic Empire (as well as part of the Ottoman Empire).
The division of the Empire is not welcomed by the rising urban ‘medium’ classes composed by merchants, artisans and diverse businessmen, which many intellectuals supporting them. In 1745, the Westphalian writer Robert Rosenberg publishes a book called ‘The Teutonic Ideals’ that will have a great impact in those urban classes: the book makes an apology of the Teutonic ideals that have been usually linked to pan-Lutheranism, but develops them further for claiming more political power and representativeness to the people, appointing the demand of more democracy as a ‘Lutheran virtue’.
In the period between 1745 and 1751, many popular revolts affect both sides of the Empire, expressing their dissatisfaction with the political situation and demanding a democratic improvement of the institutions. Calls for the unity of the ‘Teutonic nations’ becomes usual in both sides, and the urban classes blame the medium aristocracy, tipped as ‘obsolete’ by them, for damaging the Empire.
In 1751, the city of Lemberg, occupied by the Russians since 1743, starts a series of popular uprisings against both the invaders and the former Teutonic aristocracy. Considering the worrying situation, the Emperor calls all the crownland leaders from both sides to reconcile at a special Diet in Prag. Even if almost all of them attend the Diet, it largely fails as no agreement is reached about nothing.
In 1753, the Teutonic Order takes control of Lemberg, but the duchy of Galicia is not restored, as the officers of the city refuse to recognize the rights of the heir of the last duke to return to the city (the last duke fled when the Russians arrived, with part of the duchy’s treasure). Hostility against the aristocracy increases in 1754, after the massacre of a crowd of people in Stettin during a riot against some unpopular policies of the duke of Pomerania.
Albert I recalls the crownland leaders to a new Diet in Breslau in 1755. Even if no significant agreement is reached again, at least this time the Emperor convinces all of them to reunite the regular Diet again in Vienna, ending the ‘Teutonic Schism’. Anyway, the Schism has just boosted the germ of a revolution in the societies of the Teutonic nations, and now it is absolutely unstoppable.
Europe in the decade of 1740:
Not by the moment. The main expansion area outside Europe is the Indian Ocean and Russia prevents further contacts with East Asia by land.
Social situation in the mid-18th century
Before proceeding with the pre-revolutionary events, I would like to highlight different considerations regarding the political situation in Europe by the 1750s.
- Europe is mainly now divided in 'spheres' where nationalistic considerations are being strongly overlapped by the sense of belonging to those spheres. Consider also that ITTL there is no French Revolution (butterflying all their OTL consequences), and it will be a Teutonic one, which will be significantly different, of course.
- The Catholic sphere (Spanish Empire + France) is pretty conservative, and any revolutionary attempt will fail here.
- As opposed to the Catholic sphere, the Teutonic sphere is experiencing increasing demands of more democracy and revamp of the institutions. The rising urban classes want to be represented in the different institutions, as they are becoming more and more important.
- The bad experience of the Teutonic Schism has reinforced the demand of preserving some unity between the Teutonic nations. At this moment, the trade from the colonies to the axis Lower Countries - Denmark - Baltic basin (including the former Hanseatic cities) has become essential for the economies of all the territories involved in, so the political divisions (attributed to the aristocracy) are not welcome by the merchants, and the cities in general.
- The ideas of pan-Lutheranism are starting to upgrade to a more widespread Teutonic ideals that try to overlap the religious differences between the Teutonic peoples. The disappointment between the Teutonic Catholics due to the abolition of the papacy in Avignon leads them to accept some typical pan-Lutheran ideals without renouncing to their faith, even if not strongly sticking to Rome anymore.
Before proceeding with the pre-revolutionary events, I would like to highlight different considerations regarding the political situation in Europe by the 1750s.
- Europe is mainly now divided in 'spheres' where nationalistic considerations are being strongly overlapped by the sense of belonging to those spheres. Consider also that ITTL there is no French Revolution (butterflying all their OTL consequences), and it will be a Teutonic one, which will be significantly different, of course.
- The Catholic sphere (Spanish Empire + France) is pretty conservative, and any revolutionary attempt will fail here.
- As opposed to the Catholic sphere, the Teutonic sphere is experiencing increasing demands of more democracy and revamp of the institutions. The rising urban classes want to be represented in the different institutions, as they are becoming more and more important.
- The bad experience of the Teutonic Schism has reinforced the demand of preserving some unity between the Teutonic nations. At this moment, the trade from the colonies to the axis Lower Countries - Denmark - Baltic basin (including the former Hanseatic cities) has become essential for the economies of all the territories involved in, so the political divisions (attributed to the aristocracy) are not welcome by the merchants, and the cities in general.
- The ideas of pan-Lutheranism are starting to upgrade to a more widespread Teutonic ideals that try to overlap the religious differences between the Teutonic peoples. The disappointment between the Teutonic Catholics due to the abolition of the papacy in Avignon leads them to accept some typical pan-Lutheran ideals without renouncing to their faith, even if not strongly sticking to Rome anymore.
Recap of the House of Samogitia until 1755
KINGS
1386 - 1409 Manfred I
1409 - 1441 Manfred II
1441 - 1456 Hinrich I
1456 - 1487 Karl I
1487 - 1515 Manfred III
1515 - 1543 Sigmund I
1543 - 1555 Manfred IV (crowned Emperor in 1555)
EMPERORS
1555 - 1570 Manfred IV
1570 - 1610 Karl II
1610 - 1635 Elisabeth I
1635 - 1658 Frederick I
1658 - 1675 Frederick II
1675 - 1703 Ferdinand I
1703 - 1731 Ferdinand II
1731 - 1733 Ferdinand III
1733 - .... Albert I
Profile of the new crownland:
61 LL Lower Lorraine / Niederlothringen
T: Communal.
C: Liege (Lüttich), Maastricht, Köln, Koblenz.
E: German, French minorities.
R: Mostly Lutheran with Catholic minorities.
KINGS
1386 - 1409 Manfred I
1409 - 1441 Manfred II
1441 - 1456 Hinrich I
1456 - 1487 Karl I
1487 - 1515 Manfred III
1515 - 1543 Sigmund I
1543 - 1555 Manfred IV (crowned Emperor in 1555)
EMPERORS
1555 - 1570 Manfred IV
1570 - 1610 Karl II
1610 - 1635 Elisabeth I
1635 - 1658 Frederick I
1658 - 1675 Frederick II
1675 - 1703 Ferdinand I
1703 - 1731 Ferdinand II
1731 - 1733 Ferdinand III
1733 - .... Albert I
Profile of the new crownland:
61 LL Lower Lorraine / Niederlothringen
T: Communal.
C: Liege (Lüttich), Maastricht, Köln, Koblenz.
E: German, French minorities.
R: Mostly Lutheran with Catholic minorities.
CHAPTER XXIV: TOWARDS THE TEUTONIC REVOLUTION!
The end of the Teutonic Schism in 1755 does not bring the expected social peace to the Teutonic nations; the claim for a more democratic regime based on the Robert Rosenberg’s book ideals has spread too much across the Empire to be easily appeased now.
This problem is confronting Emperor Albert I (who strongly supports the rights of the Teutonic aristocracy) with his son and heir Prince Ferdinand (who advocates for conceding more power and representativeness to the Teutonic ‘middle’ classes); this support of the Prince will ensure that the Crown would survive an eventual Teutonic Revolution, unlike all the other aristocracy.
In 1757, the first pre-revolutionary assemblies are established in the main Teutonic cities and, by 1760, they sum more than four hundred in all the Empire. Thus, in March 1761 the first General Assembly takes place in the city of Berlin, where representatives of all the local assemblies discuss the plans for implementing the reforms they want for the Empire. It is speculated that secret emissaries of Prince Ferdinand also take part.
On April 3rd 1761, the Manifesto of Berlin is published, stating the first official demand for changes in the Empire and compiling the main ideals advocated by the assemblies. The main demands included in the Manifesto are these:
- The Teutonic aristocracy should cede part of its power to popular representatives elected by (partial) suffrage in every crownland.
- The Imperial Diet should also include these popular representatives.
- Cities (including their area of influence = Kreis) might be represented at the Imperial Diet, instead of crownlands.
- Creation of the concept of ‘Teutonic citizenship’. The same rights would be provided for all citizens, regardless territorial issues or religion.
Obviously, the Emperor and the aristocracy reject these demands, even if somehow agree on allowing the delegates of the assemblies to take part in the diets (both nationals and the Imperial) as ‘observers’, with limited rights of vote.
The old Royal Palace of Berlin, where the General Assembly took place in 1761.
The rejection of the Manifesto of Berlin increases the social dissatisfaction and several riots storm the main Teutonic cities during 1762 and 1763. The problem for the imperial elites becomes international when imitations of the Teutonic assemblies are reproduced in neighboring countries, with similar claims. France, Spain and Sweden manage to crush them at their initial stages, but accuse the Empire of trying to de-stabilize them; anyway, the assemblies also succeed in Swabia, Bavaria, Upper Lorraine, Burgundy-Vaud, Switzerland, Savoy, Hungary, Moldavia and Wallachia. The Spanish struggle to clear their puppet states of the Alpine area, with mixed success (Lombardy and Venice expels the revolutionaries, but they become rampant in Provence and Liguria); England also avoids any revolutionary attempt in mainland territory but can’t fight them at the American colonies and the county of Calais; and Russia decides to retreat to pre-war borders, worried about an eventual contagion of the revolutionary ideals.
By 1765, the social situation in the Empire and its satellites is just unsustainable. The official start of the Teutonic Revolution is set on June 20th 1765, when a mob kills the duke of Masovia in a crowded street of Warsaw. This is followed by several uprisings in important cities like Vienna, Hamburg, Königsberg or Prague. Most of the aristocrats, fearing for their lives, try to flee from the Empire, but many of them are captured or killed. The initial outbreak ends fifteen days after, when representatives that attended the General Assembly of Berlin takes control of the Imperial Diet in Vienna.
When the Teutonic Order (which was highly divided on supporting or not the Revolution) finally recognizes the new power of the revolutionaries on July 28th 1765, Emperor Albert I decides to abdicate and flees to England.
The new Imperial Diet celebrates an extraordinary season on September, where Prince Ferdinand is acclaimed Emperor Ferdinand IV, thus becoming the first Emperor of the new Constitutional Empire of the Teutonic Nations. Even if the revolutionaries have had success, their problems are just going to start both inside and outside the Empire.
The end of the Teutonic Schism in 1755 does not bring the expected social peace to the Teutonic nations; the claim for a more democratic regime based on the Robert Rosenberg’s book ideals has spread too much across the Empire to be easily appeased now.
This problem is confronting Emperor Albert I (who strongly supports the rights of the Teutonic aristocracy) with his son and heir Prince Ferdinand (who advocates for conceding more power and representativeness to the Teutonic ‘middle’ classes); this support of the Prince will ensure that the Crown would survive an eventual Teutonic Revolution, unlike all the other aristocracy.
In 1757, the first pre-revolutionary assemblies are established in the main Teutonic cities and, by 1760, they sum more than four hundred in all the Empire. Thus, in March 1761 the first General Assembly takes place in the city of Berlin, where representatives of all the local assemblies discuss the plans for implementing the reforms they want for the Empire. It is speculated that secret emissaries of Prince Ferdinand also take part.
On April 3rd 1761, the Manifesto of Berlin is published, stating the first official demand for changes in the Empire and compiling the main ideals advocated by the assemblies. The main demands included in the Manifesto are these:
- The Teutonic aristocracy should cede part of its power to popular representatives elected by (partial) suffrage in every crownland.
- The Imperial Diet should also include these popular representatives.
- Cities (including their area of influence = Kreis) might be represented at the Imperial Diet, instead of crownlands.
- Creation of the concept of ‘Teutonic citizenship’. The same rights would be provided for all citizens, regardless territorial issues or religion.
Obviously, the Emperor and the aristocracy reject these demands, even if somehow agree on allowing the delegates of the assemblies to take part in the diets (both nationals and the Imperial) as ‘observers’, with limited rights of vote.
The old Royal Palace of Berlin, where the General Assembly took place in 1761.
The rejection of the Manifesto of Berlin increases the social dissatisfaction and several riots storm the main Teutonic cities during 1762 and 1763. The problem for the imperial elites becomes international when imitations of the Teutonic assemblies are reproduced in neighboring countries, with similar claims. France, Spain and Sweden manage to crush them at their initial stages, but accuse the Empire of trying to de-stabilize them; anyway, the assemblies also succeed in Swabia, Bavaria, Upper Lorraine, Burgundy-Vaud, Switzerland, Savoy, Hungary, Moldavia and Wallachia. The Spanish struggle to clear their puppet states of the Alpine area, with mixed success (Lombardy and Venice expels the revolutionaries, but they become rampant in Provence and Liguria); England also avoids any revolutionary attempt in mainland territory but can’t fight them at the American colonies and the county of Calais; and Russia decides to retreat to pre-war borders, worried about an eventual contagion of the revolutionary ideals.
By 1765, the social situation in the Empire and its satellites is just unsustainable. The official start of the Teutonic Revolution is set on June 20th 1765, when a mob kills the duke of Masovia in a crowded street of Warsaw. This is followed by several uprisings in important cities like Vienna, Hamburg, Königsberg or Prague. Most of the aristocrats, fearing for their lives, try to flee from the Empire, but many of them are captured or killed. The initial outbreak ends fifteen days after, when representatives that attended the General Assembly of Berlin takes control of the Imperial Diet in Vienna.
When the Teutonic Order (which was highly divided on supporting or not the Revolution) finally recognizes the new power of the revolutionaries on July 28th 1765, Emperor Albert I decides to abdicate and flees to England.
The new Imperial Diet celebrates an extraordinary season on September, where Prince Ferdinand is acclaimed Emperor Ferdinand IV, thus becoming the first Emperor of the new Constitutional Empire of the Teutonic Nations. Even if the revolutionaries have had success, their problems are just going to start both inside and outside the Empire.
CHAPTER XXV: THE REVOLUTIONARY WARS
The triumph of the Teutonic Revolution is still incomplete at the end of 1765. In the East Baltic, the dukes of Curland, Lettland and Livonia have recruited the remaining loyalist factions of the Teutonic Order and they are trying to rebuild a parallel aristocratic Diet at Riga, which still recognizes former Emperor Albert I as legitimate sovereign.
But challenges to revolutionaries are not coming only from inside: during 1766, the Spanish and Ottoman Empires, along with France, form a Triple Alliance to fight the revolutionary forces that are about to control the buffer states of Savoy, Swabia and Bavaria in the West, and Hungary, Moldavia and Wallachia in the East. As long as the CETN (Constitutional Empire of the Teutonic Nations; the abbreviation CETN will be used from this year onwards) supports the revolutionaries in those states, another big scale war in Europe, called the First Revolutionary War (1766-1772), is unavoidable.
After six years of campaigns, focused mainly in Swabia and Bavaria in the West, and Hungary in the East, the result is mostly favorable to the CETN, even if the Empire fails to crush the Spanish and Ottoman Empires, as wanted by most of the Teutonic societies. However, the revolutionaries manage to overthrow the kings of Swabia and Bavaria (they refuge in France), while the last king of Hungary is finally assassinated in 1772, despite the Ottoman protection.
The aftermath of the war could be summarized as follows:
- Spain loses control over Provence and Liguria, which are occupied by Savoy, with Teutonic help. However, the Spanish retains Lombardy and Venice.
- The revolutionary governments of Swabia, Bavaria and Hungary decide to join the CETN, as they realize that is the only guarantee for them to proceed with their ideals, as Spain and the Ottomans remain as strong enemies. (NOTE: the Kingdom of Hungary is divided in five lands when joining the CETN).
- Even if not participating in the war, England suffers the consequences of the spree of the revolutionary ideals: the American colonies declare independence in 1770 and the county of Calais is also lost (Calais will join the Teutonic land of Artois in 1774).
In 1773 a provisional Constitution for the CETN is approved. However, Ferdinand IV wants to solve the East Baltic rebellion before promoting a permanent Constitution, because he (as well as the Diet) thinks that a definitive Constitution should be signed by all the national land assemblies (the former crownlands are, from 1773 onwards, national lands which have their own assemblies); by the end of 1773, Curland, Lettland, Livonia, Estonia, Ugandi, Ingria, Naugard and Karelia are not controlled by the CETN and they are ruled by a diet formed by their eight dukes (the only aristocracy remaining at the former Teutonic Empire), so this rebel territory is known at that moment as the Teutonic Octarchy.
During the long campaigns for recovering the control over the Octarchy, the Second Revolutionary War (1775-1780) breaks out unexpectedly in the Ottoman Empire, due to the joint uprising of Serbs and Greeks, claiming for their independence. The Russian Tsardom, which was still fighting the Turks at the Caucasus, launches a big scale offensive in Ottoman Armenia, taking advantage of the situation, while Spain supports another uprising in Tripolitania & Cirenaica and Persia invades Ottoman Mesopotamia.
Even if at first the CETN is not involved in this war, Moldavia and Wallachia request the Teutonic help for fighting back the Turks who, after campaigning at Serbia, are trying to occupy Wallachia as they consider the Wallach revolutionaries as the instigators of the Serbian uprising. The CETN not only expels the Turks from Wallachia, but also invades Dobrudja (with the support of locals) for guaranteeing the safety of the southern borders.
In 1780, the Ottoman Empire surrenders. In the Conference of Athens, they recognize the virtual independence of Serbia, Greece and Tripolitania-Cirenaica; all of them will only recognize the Sultan as nominal sovereign and will rule their own affairs without Ottoman intervention. The Ottoman government also recognizes the Russian sovereignty over the Great Armenia and the annexation of Mesopotamia by the Persian Kingdom; moreover, they allow Wallachia and Moldavia to join the CETN (they were previously forbidden to do so), as well as recognizes the Teutonic sovereignty over Dobrudja. (NOTE: Moldavia is also divided in two lands when joining the CETN).
In 1783, the Octarchy is finally dissolved after the massacre of the remaining loyalists soldiers at Mitau. Thus, Ferdinand IV is ready to promote the first definitive Constitution for the CETN. The Constitution is ready in May 1784, and is open for every land who want to sign it up, no matter if that land previously belonged to the former Teutonic Empire or not; the period of signing remains open until the end of the year (as the Constitution was set to be enacted from day January 1st 1785 onwards).
The open sign up was deliberated for attracting the pro-revolutionary Republic of Savoy to the Empire, but the final success exceeded all the previsions, as not only Savoy signed it up (in fact, their four autonomous territories signed it, as they joined the CETN as four different lands: Savoy proper, Rhoneland, Provence and Liguria) but also the Confederation of Switzerland, the Free State of Vaud (separated from Burgundy since 1773), the former duchy of Upper Lorraine and the duchy of Burgundy (after evicting the duke in September); all countries that also hosted pro-revolutionary governments in their territories.
So, in 1785 the Constitution is finally enacted, with 80 lands plus two free cities having signed it up. This year is considered the start of the modern CETN, now undisputable the first world superpower.
Map of Europe in 1785:
The triumph of the Teutonic Revolution is still incomplete at the end of 1765. In the East Baltic, the dukes of Curland, Lettland and Livonia have recruited the remaining loyalist factions of the Teutonic Order and they are trying to rebuild a parallel aristocratic Diet at Riga, which still recognizes former Emperor Albert I as legitimate sovereign.
But challenges to revolutionaries are not coming only from inside: during 1766, the Spanish and Ottoman Empires, along with France, form a Triple Alliance to fight the revolutionary forces that are about to control the buffer states of Savoy, Swabia and Bavaria in the West, and Hungary, Moldavia and Wallachia in the East. As long as the CETN (Constitutional Empire of the Teutonic Nations; the abbreviation CETN will be used from this year onwards) supports the revolutionaries in those states, another big scale war in Europe, called the First Revolutionary War (1766-1772), is unavoidable.
After six years of campaigns, focused mainly in Swabia and Bavaria in the West, and Hungary in the East, the result is mostly favorable to the CETN, even if the Empire fails to crush the Spanish and Ottoman Empires, as wanted by most of the Teutonic societies. However, the revolutionaries manage to overthrow the kings of Swabia and Bavaria (they refuge in France), while the last king of Hungary is finally assassinated in 1772, despite the Ottoman protection.
The aftermath of the war could be summarized as follows:
- Spain loses control over Provence and Liguria, which are occupied by Savoy, with Teutonic help. However, the Spanish retains Lombardy and Venice.
- The revolutionary governments of Swabia, Bavaria and Hungary decide to join the CETN, as they realize that is the only guarantee for them to proceed with their ideals, as Spain and the Ottomans remain as strong enemies. (NOTE: the Kingdom of Hungary is divided in five lands when joining the CETN).
- Even if not participating in the war, England suffers the consequences of the spree of the revolutionary ideals: the American colonies declare independence in 1770 and the county of Calais is also lost (Calais will join the Teutonic land of Artois in 1774).
In 1773 a provisional Constitution for the CETN is approved. However, Ferdinand IV wants to solve the East Baltic rebellion before promoting a permanent Constitution, because he (as well as the Diet) thinks that a definitive Constitution should be signed by all the national land assemblies (the former crownlands are, from 1773 onwards, national lands which have their own assemblies); by the end of 1773, Curland, Lettland, Livonia, Estonia, Ugandi, Ingria, Naugard and Karelia are not controlled by the CETN and they are ruled by a diet formed by their eight dukes (the only aristocracy remaining at the former Teutonic Empire), so this rebel territory is known at that moment as the Teutonic Octarchy.
During the long campaigns for recovering the control over the Octarchy, the Second Revolutionary War (1775-1780) breaks out unexpectedly in the Ottoman Empire, due to the joint uprising of Serbs and Greeks, claiming for their independence. The Russian Tsardom, which was still fighting the Turks at the Caucasus, launches a big scale offensive in Ottoman Armenia, taking advantage of the situation, while Spain supports another uprising in Tripolitania & Cirenaica and Persia invades Ottoman Mesopotamia.
Even if at first the CETN is not involved in this war, Moldavia and Wallachia request the Teutonic help for fighting back the Turks who, after campaigning at Serbia, are trying to occupy Wallachia as they consider the Wallach revolutionaries as the instigators of the Serbian uprising. The CETN not only expels the Turks from Wallachia, but also invades Dobrudja (with the support of locals) for guaranteeing the safety of the southern borders.
In 1780, the Ottoman Empire surrenders. In the Conference of Athens, they recognize the virtual independence of Serbia, Greece and Tripolitania-Cirenaica; all of them will only recognize the Sultan as nominal sovereign and will rule their own affairs without Ottoman intervention. The Ottoman government also recognizes the Russian sovereignty over the Great Armenia and the annexation of Mesopotamia by the Persian Kingdom; moreover, they allow Wallachia and Moldavia to join the CETN (they were previously forbidden to do so), as well as recognizes the Teutonic sovereignty over Dobrudja. (NOTE: Moldavia is also divided in two lands when joining the CETN).
In 1783, the Octarchy is finally dissolved after the massacre of the remaining loyalists soldiers at Mitau. Thus, Ferdinand IV is ready to promote the first definitive Constitution for the CETN. The Constitution is ready in May 1784, and is open for every land who want to sign it up, no matter if that land previously belonged to the former Teutonic Empire or not; the period of signing remains open until the end of the year (as the Constitution was set to be enacted from day January 1st 1785 onwards).
The open sign up was deliberated for attracting the pro-revolutionary Republic of Savoy to the Empire, but the final success exceeded all the previsions, as not only Savoy signed it up (in fact, their four autonomous territories signed it, as they joined the CETN as four different lands: Savoy proper, Rhoneland, Provence and Liguria) but also the Confederation of Switzerland, the Free State of Vaud (separated from Burgundy since 1773), the former duchy of Upper Lorraine and the duchy of Burgundy (after evicting the duke in September); all countries that also hosted pro-revolutionary governments in their territories.
So, in 1785 the Constitution is finally enacted, with 80 lands plus two free cities having signed it up. This year is considered the start of the modern CETN, now undisputable the first world superpower.
Map of Europe in 1785:
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The original 80 lands of the CETN
* Signed in June 1784 (5 lands + 2 free cities):
Free cities of Marienburg and Vienna, Jutland (JU), Pomerania (PO), Pomerelia (PL), Prussia (PR) and Saxony (SX).
* Signed in July 1784 (5 lands):
Brandenburg (BR), Eastphalia (EF), Masovia (MA), Thuringia (TH) and Westphalia (WF).
* Signed in August 1784 (8 lands):
Angria (AN), Brabant (BT), Danish Islands (DI), Flanders (FL), Frisia (FR), Guelders (GU), Holland (HL) and Holstein (HO).
* Signed in September 1784 (30 lands):
Artois (AR), Austria (AU), Blekingen (BL), Bohemia (BO), Budschak (BD), Bukovina (BU), Carinthia (CA), Carniola (CN), Croatia (CR), Franconia (FC), Galicia (GA), Greater Poland (GP), Halland (HA), Hessen (HE), Lesser Poland (LP), Lesser Ruthenia (LR), Mecklenburg (MC), Moravia (MO), Pannonia (PN), Podlachia (PD), Podolia (PA), Polesia (PS), Rhetia (RH), Scania (SC), Silesia (SI), Slovakia (SL), Styria (ST), Tyrol (TY), Ukraine (UK) and Volinia (VO).
* Signed in October 1784 (12 lands):
Banat (BN), Bavaria (BV), Greater Ruthenia (GR), Hungary (HU), Jedisan (JE), Kreisland (KR), Lithuania (LT), Lower Lorraine (LL), Samogitia (SA), Swabia (SW), Szeklerland (SK) and Transylvania (TS).
* Signed in November 1784 (12 lands):
Bessarabia (BS), Curland (CU), Dobrudja (DO), Estonia (ES), Ingria (IN), Karelia (KA), Lettland (LE), Livonia (LI), Moldavia (MO), Naugard (NA), Ugandi (UG) and Wallachia (WA).
* Signed in December 1784 (8 lands):
Burgundy (BG), Liguria (LI), Provence (PV), Rhoneland (TH), Savoy (SY), Switzerland (SZ), Upper Lorraine (UL) and Vaud (VD).
* Signed in June 1784 (5 lands + 2 free cities):
Free cities of Marienburg and Vienna, Jutland (JU), Pomerania (PO), Pomerelia (PL), Prussia (PR) and Saxony (SX).
* Signed in July 1784 (5 lands):
Brandenburg (BR), Eastphalia (EF), Masovia (MA), Thuringia (TH) and Westphalia (WF).
* Signed in August 1784 (8 lands):
Angria (AN), Brabant (BT), Danish Islands (DI), Flanders (FL), Frisia (FR), Guelders (GU), Holland (HL) and Holstein (HO).
* Signed in September 1784 (30 lands):
Artois (AR), Austria (AU), Blekingen (BL), Bohemia (BO), Budschak (BD), Bukovina (BU), Carinthia (CA), Carniola (CN), Croatia (CR), Franconia (FC), Galicia (GA), Greater Poland (GP), Halland (HA), Hessen (HE), Lesser Poland (LP), Lesser Ruthenia (LR), Mecklenburg (MC), Moravia (MO), Pannonia (PN), Podlachia (PD), Podolia (PA), Polesia (PS), Rhetia (RH), Scania (SC), Silesia (SI), Slovakia (SL), Styria (ST), Tyrol (TY), Ukraine (UK) and Volinia (VO).
* Signed in October 1784 (12 lands):
Banat (BN), Bavaria (BV), Greater Ruthenia (GR), Hungary (HU), Jedisan (JE), Kreisland (KR), Lithuania (LT), Lower Lorraine (LL), Samogitia (SA), Swabia (SW), Szeklerland (SK) and Transylvania (TS).
* Signed in November 1784 (12 lands):
Bessarabia (BS), Curland (CU), Dobrudja (DO), Estonia (ES), Ingria (IN), Karelia (KA), Lettland (LE), Livonia (LI), Moldavia (MO), Naugard (NA), Ugandi (UG) and Wallachia (WA).
* Signed in December 1784 (8 lands):
Burgundy (BG), Liguria (LI), Provence (PV), Rhoneland (TH), Savoy (SY), Switzerland (SZ), Upper Lorraine (UL) and Vaud (VD).
ANNEX II: TEUTONIC COLONIZATION OF AUSTRALIA
The first CTO ships arrived in West Australia in 1706. They founded the first Teutonic settlement there, New Rotterdam, which will be the capital of the colony of New Holland.
After the eviction of the CTO from India (1710), the Company focused in the conquest and settlement of Australia. So, between 1706 and 1735 they founded fourteen separate colonies along all the Australian coasts, including Tasmania.
From the late 18th century onwards, Australia will become the main destination of the Teutonic overseas migrations, populating the country from the coastline to the inner lands.
Map of the Teutonic Australia (with dates of foundation of the colonies)
The first CTO ships arrived in West Australia in 1706. They founded the first Teutonic settlement there, New Rotterdam, which will be the capital of the colony of New Holland.
After the eviction of the CTO from India (1710), the Company focused in the conquest and settlement of Australia. So, between 1706 and 1735 they founded fourteen separate colonies along all the Australian coasts, including Tasmania.
From the late 18th century onwards, Australia will become the main destination of the Teutonic overseas migrations, populating the country from the coastline to the inner lands.
Map of the Teutonic Australia (with dates of foundation of the colonies)
Constitution of 1785
The CETN Constitution of 1785 establishes the following rules:
- CROWN: The Emperor has limited powers, similar to a modern constitutional monarchy. However, Teutonic Emperors never had much effective power, in fact.
- IMPERIAL DIET (REICHSTAG): This is the most important institution of CETN. It is formed at 1785 by 620 representatives, one per kreis. Everyone is directly elected by partial suffrage. The Diet passes laws and forms the CETN cabinet.
- TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION: The CETN features 80 lands, subdivided in 618 kreise, and two free cities (each one forms an additional kreis). The kreise runs all local issues and they have a Council elected by partial suffrage; the lands are recognized as nations (teutsche Volkländer = Teutonic nation lands) and they are granted with a high degree of self-government (basically, they run their own policies in every issue which not involves other lands). The land assemblies (Landtage) are not directly elected: the kreis Councils appoint their representatives for the Landtag, in proportion to the political forces elected in every Kreis.
- LANGUAGE: Lutheran German is officially established as lingua franca. However, every land and kreis establishes its own official languages, including dialects of German like Swabian, for example. All the official languages are taught at school, besides Lutheran German.
- RELIGION: The Empire is not involved in religious affairs; however, it would keep on favoring Lutheranism, even if unofficially. Freedom of cult is granted though (Zwinglianism included).
- CITIZENSHIP: All male over 21 years old can apply for Teutonic citizenship, which gives certain rights like vote. However, there are several restrictions barring the access to citizenship to significant groups of people, especially the poorest.
- MILITARY: The Teutonic Order is gradually transformed in a regular army.
- JUSTICE: A Constitutional Court is established in Vienna. Every land and kreis will host its own court, according to their competences.
- CURRENCY: The first Central Bank (in modern sense) is established in Vienna. The common currency from 1787 onwards is called Tolar.
- DIPLOMACY: An Imperial Chancellor is appointed by the Imperial Diet; however, any international treaty must be ratified by the Diet and signed by the Emperor.
The CETN Constitution of 1785 establishes the following rules:
- CROWN: The Emperor has limited powers, similar to a modern constitutional monarchy. However, Teutonic Emperors never had much effective power, in fact.
- IMPERIAL DIET (REICHSTAG): This is the most important institution of CETN. It is formed at 1785 by 620 representatives, one per kreis. Everyone is directly elected by partial suffrage. The Diet passes laws and forms the CETN cabinet.
- TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION: The CETN features 80 lands, subdivided in 618 kreise, and two free cities (each one forms an additional kreis). The kreise runs all local issues and they have a Council elected by partial suffrage; the lands are recognized as nations (teutsche Volkländer = Teutonic nation lands) and they are granted with a high degree of self-government (basically, they run their own policies in every issue which not involves other lands). The land assemblies (Landtage) are not directly elected: the kreis Councils appoint their representatives for the Landtag, in proportion to the political forces elected in every Kreis.
- LANGUAGE: Lutheran German is officially established as lingua franca. However, every land and kreis establishes its own official languages, including dialects of German like Swabian, for example. All the official languages are taught at school, besides Lutheran German.
- RELIGION: The Empire is not involved in religious affairs; however, it would keep on favoring Lutheranism, even if unofficially. Freedom of cult is granted though (Zwinglianism included).
- CITIZENSHIP: All male over 21 years old can apply for Teutonic citizenship, which gives certain rights like vote. However, there are several restrictions barring the access to citizenship to significant groups of people, especially the poorest.
- MILITARY: The Teutonic Order is gradually transformed in a regular army.
- JUSTICE: A Constitutional Court is established in Vienna. Every land and kreis will host its own court, according to their competences.
- CURRENCY: The first Central Bank (in modern sense) is established in Vienna. The common currency from 1787 onwards is called Tolar.
- DIPLOMACY: An Imperial Chancellor is appointed by the Imperial Diet; however, any international treaty must be ratified by the Diet and signed by the Emperor.
Quick profiles of the lands and cities of CETN in 1785
* List of lands in English (official name in Lutheran German in brackets):
01 Angria (Engern). Capital: Hannover. Official languages: West Low German.
02 Artois (Artesien). Capital: Arras (Atrecht). Official languages: Picard French, Flemish German, English (only in Calais and Boulogne).
03 Austria (Österreich). Capital: Linz. Official languages: East Upper German.
04 Banat. Capital: Timisoara (Temeschburg). Official languages: Romanian, Balkan German.
05 Bavaria (Bayern). Capital: Munich (München). Official languages: East Upper German.
06 Bessarabia (Bessarabien). Capital: Chisinau (Kischinau). Official languages: Romanian, Balkan German.
07 Blekingen. Capital: Kalmar. Official languages: Swedish, Danish, Baltic German.
08 Bohemia (Böhmen). Capital: Prague (Prag). Official languages: Czech, Bohemian German.
09 Brabant. Capital: Brussels (Brüssel). Official languages: Picard French, Brabantian German.
10 Brandenburg. Capital: Berlin. Official languages: only Lutheran German.
11 Budschak. Capital: Akkerman. Official languages: Tatar, Romanian, Balkan German.
12 Bukovina (Buchenland). Capital: Chernivtsy (Tschernowitz). Official languages: Lesser Ruthenian, Romanian, Balkan German.
13 Burgundy (Burgund). Capital: Besançon (Bisanz). Official languages: Burgundian French, West Upper German.
14 Carinthia (Kärnten). Capital: Klagenfurt. Official languages: South Upper German.
15 Carniola (Krain). Capital: Ljubljana (Laibach). Official languages: Slovene, South Upper German.
16 Courland (Kurland). Capital: Jelgava (Mitau). Official languages: Livonian, Baltic German.
17 Croatia (Kroatien). Capital: Zagreb (Agram). Official languages: Croatian, Hungarian, South Upper German.
18 Danish Islands (Dänische Inseln). Capital: Copenhaguen (Kopenhagen). Official languages: Danish.
19 Dobrudja (Dobrudscha). Capital: Constanza (Konstanza). Official languages: Romanian, Bulgarian.
20 Eastphalia (Ostfalen). Capital: Magdeburg. Official languages: East Low German.
21 Estonia (Estland). Capital: Tallinn (Reval). Official languages: Estonian, Baltic German, Danish.
22 Flanders (Flandern). Capital: Gent. Official languages: Flemish German.
23 Franconia (Franken). Capital: Nuremberg (Nürnberg). Official languages: Frankish German.
24 Frisia (Friesland). Capital: Leeuwarden. Official languages: Frisian German.
25 Galicia (Galizien). Capital: Lviv (Lemberg). Official languages: Lesser Polish, Lesser Ruthenian, Ukrainian, Silesian German.
26 Greater Poland (Grosspolen). Capital: Poznan (Posen). Official languages: Greater Polish.
27 Greater Ruthenia (Reussen). Capital: Minsk. Official languages: White Russian.
28 Guelders (Geldern). Capital: Arnhem (Arnheim). Official languages: West Low German.
29 Halland. Capital: Gothenburg. Official languages: Danish.
30 Hessen. Capital: Wiesbaden. Official languages: Hessian German.
31 Holland. Capital: Amsterdam. Official languages: Hollandic German.
32 Holstein. Capital: Hamburg. Official languages: West Low German, Danish.
33 Hungary (Ungarn). Capital: Buda (Ofen). Official languages: Hungarian.
34 Ingria (Ingermanland). Capital: Nyenschanz [OTL later St. Petersburg]. Official languages: Baltic German, Danish, Russian.
35 Jedisan. Capital: Khadjibey (Hadschibei) [OTL later Odessa]. Official languages: Balkan German, Tatar, Ukrainian.
36 Jutland (Jütland). Capital: Aarhus (Arenhusen). Official languages: Danish, West Low German, Frisian German.
37 Karelia (Karelien). Capital: Vyborg (Wiburg). Official languages: Karelian, Baltic German.
38 Kreisland (Kreischland). Capital: Oradea (Grosswardein). Official languages: Hungarian, Romanian.
39 Lettland. Capital: Daugavpils (Dünaburg). Official languages: Latvian, Baltic German.
40 Lesser Poland (Kleinpolen). Capital: Cracow (Krakau). Official languages: Lesser Polish.
41 Lesser Ruthenia (Ruthenien). Capital: Uzhgorod (Ungstadt). Official languages: Lesser Ruthenian.
42 Liguria (Ligurien). Capital: Genoa (Genua). Official languages: Ligurian Italian.
43 Lithuania (Litauen). Capital: Vilnius (Wilna). Official languages: Lithuanian, Prussian German, Masovian Polish, White Russian.
44 Livonia (Livland). Capital: Riga. Official languages: Livonian, Latvian, Baltic German.
45 Lower Lorraine (Niederlothringen). Capital: Cologne (Köln). Official languages: Lorrainian German, Wallonian French.
46 Masovia (Masowien). Capital: Warsaw (Warschau). Official languages: Masovian Polish.
47 Mecklenburg. Capital: Schwerin. Official languages: East Low German.
48 Moldavia (Moldau). Capital: Iasi (Jassenmarkt). Official languages: Romanian, Balkan German.
49 Moravia (Mähren). Capital: Brno (Brünn). Official languages: Czech, Moravian German.
50 Naugard. Capital: Pskov (Pleskau). Official languages: Baltic German, Russian.
51 Pannonia (Pannonien). Capital: Szombathely (Stein am Anger). Official languages: Hungarian, East Upper German.
52 Podlachia (Podlachien). Capital: Brest. Official languages: Lithuanian, Masovian Polish, White Russian.
53 Podolia (Podolien). Capital: Vinnitsa (Winniza). Official languages: Ukrainian.
54 Polesia (Polesien). Capital: Pinsk. Official languages: White Russian, Polesian Polish.
55 Pomerania (Pommern). Capital: Szczecin (Stettin). Official languages: Pomeranian German.
56 Pomerelia (Pommerellen). Capital: Gdansk (Danzig). Official languages: Pomeranian German, Pomerelian Polish.
57 Provence (Provenz). Capital: Marseille (Massilien). Official languages: Provenzal, Meridional French, Ligurian Italian (only in Nice).
58 Prussia (Preussen). Capital: Königsberg. Official languages: Prussian German.
59 Rhetia (Rätien). Capital: Chur. Official languages: Swiss German, Rhetian Romance.
60 Rhoneland (Rottenland). Capital: Grenoble (Graswalde). Official languages: Meridional French, Arpitan, Swiss German.
61 Samogitia (Schemaiten). Capital: Klaipeda (Memel). Official languages: Samogitian Lithuanian, Prussian German.
62 Savoy (Savoyen). Capital: Torino (Turin). Official languages: Savoyan (OTL Piedmontese) Italian, Swiss German, Vaudian (OTL Swiss) French.
63 Saxony (Sachsen). Capital: Dresden. Official languages: only Lutheran German.
64 Scania (Schonen). Capital: Malmö. Official languages: Danish.
65 Silesia (Schlesien). Capital: Breslau. Official languages: Silesian German, Silesian Polish, Czech.
66 Slovakia (Slowakei). Capital: Bratislava (Pressburg). Official languages: Slovak, East Upper German.
67 Styria (Steiermark). Capital: Graz. Official languages: South Upper German, Slovene.
68 Swabia (Schwaben). Capital: Stuttgart. Official languages: West Upper German.
69 Switzerland (Schweiz). Capital: Zürich. Official languages: Swiss German.
70 Szeklerland (Seklerland). Capital: Tirgu Mures (Neumarkt am Mieresch). Official languages: Hungarian, Romanian, Balkan German.
71 Thuringia (Thüringen). Capital: Erfurt. Official languages: only Lutheran German.
72 Transylvania (Siebenbürgen). Capital: Sibiu (Hermannstadt). Official languages: Balkan German, Romanian.
73 Tyrol (Tirol). Capital: Innsbruck. Official languages: Tyrolese German, Tyrolese Italian.
74 Ugandi (Ugaunien). Capital: Tartu (Dorpat). Official languages: Voro, Baltic German, Estonian.
75 Ukraine. Capital: Zitomir (Schitomer). Official languages: Ukrainian.
76 Upper Lorraine (Oberlothringen). Capital: Nancy (Nanzig). Official languages: Lorrainian French, Lorrainian German.
77 Vaud (Waadt). Capital: Lausanne (Losen). Official languages: Vaudian (OTL Swiss) French, Swiss German.
78 Volhynia (Wolhynien). Capital: Luzk (Lutchesk). Official languages: Polesian Polish, Ukrainian.
79 Wallachia (Walachei). Capital: Bucarest (Bukarest). Official languages: Romanian.
80 Westphalia (Westfalen). Capital: Münster. Official languages: West Low German.
* And the two free cities:
- Marienburg. Official languages: Prussian German.
- Vienna (Wien). Official languages: East Upper German.
NOTES:
- In all 80 lands and two cities, Lutheran German is co-oficial.
- The distribution of languages and dialects is obviously different than in OTL. Some dialects are not that fragmented, while others are more separated.
- Dutch and Frisian are ITL considered German dialects (Dutch as various dialects).
- Thuringia, Saxony, Brandenburg and part of Greater Poland use the Central German dialect but, as it is the base of Lutheran German, is not considered as a dialect, but the core of standard German.
* List of lands in English (official name in Lutheran German in brackets):
01 Angria (Engern). Capital: Hannover. Official languages: West Low German.
02 Artois (Artesien). Capital: Arras (Atrecht). Official languages: Picard French, Flemish German, English (only in Calais and Boulogne).
03 Austria (Österreich). Capital: Linz. Official languages: East Upper German.
04 Banat. Capital: Timisoara (Temeschburg). Official languages: Romanian, Balkan German.
05 Bavaria (Bayern). Capital: Munich (München). Official languages: East Upper German.
06 Bessarabia (Bessarabien). Capital: Chisinau (Kischinau). Official languages: Romanian, Balkan German.
07 Blekingen. Capital: Kalmar. Official languages: Swedish, Danish, Baltic German.
08 Bohemia (Böhmen). Capital: Prague (Prag). Official languages: Czech, Bohemian German.
09 Brabant. Capital: Brussels (Brüssel). Official languages: Picard French, Brabantian German.
10 Brandenburg. Capital: Berlin. Official languages: only Lutheran German.
11 Budschak. Capital: Akkerman. Official languages: Tatar, Romanian, Balkan German.
12 Bukovina (Buchenland). Capital: Chernivtsy (Tschernowitz). Official languages: Lesser Ruthenian, Romanian, Balkan German.
13 Burgundy (Burgund). Capital: Besançon (Bisanz). Official languages: Burgundian French, West Upper German.
14 Carinthia (Kärnten). Capital: Klagenfurt. Official languages: South Upper German.
15 Carniola (Krain). Capital: Ljubljana (Laibach). Official languages: Slovene, South Upper German.
16 Courland (Kurland). Capital: Jelgava (Mitau). Official languages: Livonian, Baltic German.
17 Croatia (Kroatien). Capital: Zagreb (Agram). Official languages: Croatian, Hungarian, South Upper German.
18 Danish Islands (Dänische Inseln). Capital: Copenhaguen (Kopenhagen). Official languages: Danish.
19 Dobrudja (Dobrudscha). Capital: Constanza (Konstanza). Official languages: Romanian, Bulgarian.
20 Eastphalia (Ostfalen). Capital: Magdeburg. Official languages: East Low German.
21 Estonia (Estland). Capital: Tallinn (Reval). Official languages: Estonian, Baltic German, Danish.
22 Flanders (Flandern). Capital: Gent. Official languages: Flemish German.
23 Franconia (Franken). Capital: Nuremberg (Nürnberg). Official languages: Frankish German.
24 Frisia (Friesland). Capital: Leeuwarden. Official languages: Frisian German.
25 Galicia (Galizien). Capital: Lviv (Lemberg). Official languages: Lesser Polish, Lesser Ruthenian, Ukrainian, Silesian German.
26 Greater Poland (Grosspolen). Capital: Poznan (Posen). Official languages: Greater Polish.
27 Greater Ruthenia (Reussen). Capital: Minsk. Official languages: White Russian.
28 Guelders (Geldern). Capital: Arnhem (Arnheim). Official languages: West Low German.
29 Halland. Capital: Gothenburg. Official languages: Danish.
30 Hessen. Capital: Wiesbaden. Official languages: Hessian German.
31 Holland. Capital: Amsterdam. Official languages: Hollandic German.
32 Holstein. Capital: Hamburg. Official languages: West Low German, Danish.
33 Hungary (Ungarn). Capital: Buda (Ofen). Official languages: Hungarian.
34 Ingria (Ingermanland). Capital: Nyenschanz [OTL later St. Petersburg]. Official languages: Baltic German, Danish, Russian.
35 Jedisan. Capital: Khadjibey (Hadschibei) [OTL later Odessa]. Official languages: Balkan German, Tatar, Ukrainian.
36 Jutland (Jütland). Capital: Aarhus (Arenhusen). Official languages: Danish, West Low German, Frisian German.
37 Karelia (Karelien). Capital: Vyborg (Wiburg). Official languages: Karelian, Baltic German.
38 Kreisland (Kreischland). Capital: Oradea (Grosswardein). Official languages: Hungarian, Romanian.
39 Lettland. Capital: Daugavpils (Dünaburg). Official languages: Latvian, Baltic German.
40 Lesser Poland (Kleinpolen). Capital: Cracow (Krakau). Official languages: Lesser Polish.
41 Lesser Ruthenia (Ruthenien). Capital: Uzhgorod (Ungstadt). Official languages: Lesser Ruthenian.
42 Liguria (Ligurien). Capital: Genoa (Genua). Official languages: Ligurian Italian.
43 Lithuania (Litauen). Capital: Vilnius (Wilna). Official languages: Lithuanian, Prussian German, Masovian Polish, White Russian.
44 Livonia (Livland). Capital: Riga. Official languages: Livonian, Latvian, Baltic German.
45 Lower Lorraine (Niederlothringen). Capital: Cologne (Köln). Official languages: Lorrainian German, Wallonian French.
46 Masovia (Masowien). Capital: Warsaw (Warschau). Official languages: Masovian Polish.
47 Mecklenburg. Capital: Schwerin. Official languages: East Low German.
48 Moldavia (Moldau). Capital: Iasi (Jassenmarkt). Official languages: Romanian, Balkan German.
49 Moravia (Mähren). Capital: Brno (Brünn). Official languages: Czech, Moravian German.
50 Naugard. Capital: Pskov (Pleskau). Official languages: Baltic German, Russian.
51 Pannonia (Pannonien). Capital: Szombathely (Stein am Anger). Official languages: Hungarian, East Upper German.
52 Podlachia (Podlachien). Capital: Brest. Official languages: Lithuanian, Masovian Polish, White Russian.
53 Podolia (Podolien). Capital: Vinnitsa (Winniza). Official languages: Ukrainian.
54 Polesia (Polesien). Capital: Pinsk. Official languages: White Russian, Polesian Polish.
55 Pomerania (Pommern). Capital: Szczecin (Stettin). Official languages: Pomeranian German.
56 Pomerelia (Pommerellen). Capital: Gdansk (Danzig). Official languages: Pomeranian German, Pomerelian Polish.
57 Provence (Provenz). Capital: Marseille (Massilien). Official languages: Provenzal, Meridional French, Ligurian Italian (only in Nice).
58 Prussia (Preussen). Capital: Königsberg. Official languages: Prussian German.
59 Rhetia (Rätien). Capital: Chur. Official languages: Swiss German, Rhetian Romance.
60 Rhoneland (Rottenland). Capital: Grenoble (Graswalde). Official languages: Meridional French, Arpitan, Swiss German.
61 Samogitia (Schemaiten). Capital: Klaipeda (Memel). Official languages: Samogitian Lithuanian, Prussian German.
62 Savoy (Savoyen). Capital: Torino (Turin). Official languages: Savoyan (OTL Piedmontese) Italian, Swiss German, Vaudian (OTL Swiss) French.
63 Saxony (Sachsen). Capital: Dresden. Official languages: only Lutheran German.
64 Scania (Schonen). Capital: Malmö. Official languages: Danish.
65 Silesia (Schlesien). Capital: Breslau. Official languages: Silesian German, Silesian Polish, Czech.
66 Slovakia (Slowakei). Capital: Bratislava (Pressburg). Official languages: Slovak, East Upper German.
67 Styria (Steiermark). Capital: Graz. Official languages: South Upper German, Slovene.
68 Swabia (Schwaben). Capital: Stuttgart. Official languages: West Upper German.
69 Switzerland (Schweiz). Capital: Zürich. Official languages: Swiss German.
70 Szeklerland (Seklerland). Capital: Tirgu Mures (Neumarkt am Mieresch). Official languages: Hungarian, Romanian, Balkan German.
71 Thuringia (Thüringen). Capital: Erfurt. Official languages: only Lutheran German.
72 Transylvania (Siebenbürgen). Capital: Sibiu (Hermannstadt). Official languages: Balkan German, Romanian.
73 Tyrol (Tirol). Capital: Innsbruck. Official languages: Tyrolese German, Tyrolese Italian.
74 Ugandi (Ugaunien). Capital: Tartu (Dorpat). Official languages: Voro, Baltic German, Estonian.
75 Ukraine. Capital: Zitomir (Schitomer). Official languages: Ukrainian.
76 Upper Lorraine (Oberlothringen). Capital: Nancy (Nanzig). Official languages: Lorrainian French, Lorrainian German.
77 Vaud (Waadt). Capital: Lausanne (Losen). Official languages: Vaudian (OTL Swiss) French, Swiss German.
78 Volhynia (Wolhynien). Capital: Luzk (Lutchesk). Official languages: Polesian Polish, Ukrainian.
79 Wallachia (Walachei). Capital: Bucarest (Bukarest). Official languages: Romanian.
80 Westphalia (Westfalen). Capital: Münster. Official languages: West Low German.
* And the two free cities:
- Marienburg. Official languages: Prussian German.
- Vienna (Wien). Official languages: East Upper German.
NOTES:
- In all 80 lands and two cities, Lutheran German is co-oficial.
- The distribution of languages and dialects is obviously different than in OTL. Some dialects are not that fragmented, while others are more separated.
- Dutch and Frisian are ITL considered German dialects (Dutch as various dialects).
- Thuringia, Saxony, Brandenburg and part of Greater Poland use the Central German dialect but, as it is the base of Lutheran German, is not considered as a dialect, but the core of standard German.
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Dialects of German in 1785
In 1785, 22 dialects were officially recognized, being the Central German (Lutheran German) the one used as standard and lingua franca:
01 Flemish
02 Brabantian
03 Hollandic
04 Frisian
05 West Low (also called Hamburguer or Westfalian)
06 East Low (also called Eastfalian)
07 Lorrainian (also called Rheinish)
08 Hessian
09 Frankish
10 Central (Lutheran German)
11 West Upper (also called Swabian)
12 East Upper (also called Austrobavarian or Upper Danubian)
13 Swiss (also called West Alpine or Alamannic) - also spoke in northern Lombardy
14 Tyrolese (also called Central Alpine)
15 South Upper (also called East Alpine) - also spoke in Venetia (Friuli)
16 Bohemian
17 Moravian
18 Silesian
19 Pomeranian
20 Prussian
21 Baltic
22 Balkan (also called Lower Danubian)
In 1785, 22 dialects were officially recognized, being the Central German (Lutheran German) the one used as standard and lingua franca:
01 Flemish
02 Brabantian
03 Hollandic
04 Frisian
05 West Low (also called Hamburguer or Westfalian)
06 East Low (also called Eastfalian)
07 Lorrainian (also called Rheinish)
08 Hessian
09 Frankish
10 Central (Lutheran German)
11 West Upper (also called Swabian)
12 East Upper (also called Austrobavarian or Upper Danubian)
13 Swiss (also called West Alpine or Alamannic) - also spoke in northern Lombardy
14 Tyrolese (also called Central Alpine)
15 South Upper (also called East Alpine) - also spoke in Venetia (Friuli)
16 Bohemian
17 Moravian
18 Silesian
19 Pomeranian
20 Prussian
21 Baltic
22 Balkan (also called Lower Danubian)
Ethnic considerations in the 1785 CETN
The 80 lands were considered ‘nations’ at their own and treated like that at the Imperial institutions, with full respect to their symbols, language(s), religion(s) and own culture, customs and traditions.
As ITL there is not French Revolution or similar (the Teutonic Revolution had different characteristics), the concept of nation-state has not been developed, while the concept of political spheres is pretty dominant, being the Teutonic one a clear concept in its own, reinforced by the success of the Teutonic Revolution.
At this point, there is not a concept of ‘German nation’ or other similar pan-national concept. A Pomeranian considers himself as ‘Pomeranian’ (not German) and speaks a distinct dialect of the German language. He maybe feels closer to other German-speaking nations like Swabia rather than non-German speakers like an ethnic Estonian. However, this is not determinative. A Pomeranian would consider Estonia a ‘Teutonic nation’, so a nation inside his political sphere, opposed to full foreign nations belonging to the Catholic sphere (France, Spain…) or others viewed as ‘enemies’ (in higher or lower degree).
Significant ‘ethnic minorities’ like Poles also lack of a pan-national sentiment. A key factor here is the fact that any form of unified Poland disappeared more than three centuries ago, and now Poles are largely divided by religion (Greater Poland is fully Lutheran while Lesser Poland is mostly Catholic). In general Poles or Lithuanians do not view themselves as minorities, because there is not the concept of the CETN being ‘German dominated’, as the German-speaking lands are far from forming some kind of unity (neither as ‘national’ nor as religious or cultural).
Even if they might not consider that, from an external point of view, the non-German ethnicities like Poles, Danes, Lithuanians, Hungarians and Romanians have been somehow ‘Germanized’ in some aspects (especially those with Lutheran faith), which helps the coexistence inside the CETN. Moreover, there are significant German-speaking minorities in the non-German lands, conforming in many cases the commercial or even political elites, like happens with Baltic Germans in lands like Estonia or Livonia.
There is still problems with some minorities like Jews, but they will be solved in a pacific way during the following century.
The 80 lands were considered ‘nations’ at their own and treated like that at the Imperial institutions, with full respect to their symbols, language(s), religion(s) and own culture, customs and traditions.
As ITL there is not French Revolution or similar (the Teutonic Revolution had different characteristics), the concept of nation-state has not been developed, while the concept of political spheres is pretty dominant, being the Teutonic one a clear concept in its own, reinforced by the success of the Teutonic Revolution.
At this point, there is not a concept of ‘German nation’ or other similar pan-national concept. A Pomeranian considers himself as ‘Pomeranian’ (not German) and speaks a distinct dialect of the German language. He maybe feels closer to other German-speaking nations like Swabia rather than non-German speakers like an ethnic Estonian. However, this is not determinative. A Pomeranian would consider Estonia a ‘Teutonic nation’, so a nation inside his political sphere, opposed to full foreign nations belonging to the Catholic sphere (France, Spain…) or others viewed as ‘enemies’ (in higher or lower degree).
Significant ‘ethnic minorities’ like Poles also lack of a pan-national sentiment. A key factor here is the fact that any form of unified Poland disappeared more than three centuries ago, and now Poles are largely divided by religion (Greater Poland is fully Lutheran while Lesser Poland is mostly Catholic). In general Poles or Lithuanians do not view themselves as minorities, because there is not the concept of the CETN being ‘German dominated’, as the German-speaking lands are far from forming some kind of unity (neither as ‘national’ nor as religious or cultural).
Even if they might not consider that, from an external point of view, the non-German ethnicities like Poles, Danes, Lithuanians, Hungarians and Romanians have been somehow ‘Germanized’ in some aspects (especially those with Lutheran faith), which helps the coexistence inside the CETN. Moreover, there are significant German-speaking minorities in the non-German lands, conforming in many cases the commercial or even political elites, like happens with Baltic Germans in lands like Estonia or Livonia.
There is still problems with some minorities like Jews, but they will be solved in a pacific way during the following century.
The first Imperial election (June 1785)
The new Law about elections established that the Imperial elections (appointment of the 620 representatives forming the Imperial Diet) would be set the first Tuesday of June 1785, for a five-year-period.
Every kreis voted for its own candidates, and the candidate who received most votes won the seat. In the first election there were not political parties in modern sense, just 'movements' and many of the candidates were independent. In many cases, the candidates were wealthy merchants or their relatives, as they have been one of the classes that were more involved in the Teutonic Revolution.
Once the Imperial Diet was formed in July, the first cabinet was to be appointed. Johann Kroes, Arnheim's representative, was elected by the rest of the Diet as first Head of Cabinet (HoC), even if not by majority.
Other nine representatives were appointed as Secretaries, that is, members of the Cabinet.
The second election will be set for 1780, and thus, every five years.
The new Law about elections established that the Imperial elections (appointment of the 620 representatives forming the Imperial Diet) would be set the first Tuesday of June 1785, for a five-year-period.
Every kreis voted for its own candidates, and the candidate who received most votes won the seat. In the first election there were not political parties in modern sense, just 'movements' and many of the candidates were independent. In many cases, the candidates were wealthy merchants or their relatives, as they have been one of the classes that were more involved in the Teutonic Revolution.
Once the Imperial Diet was formed in July, the first cabinet was to be appointed. Johann Kroes, Arnheim's representative, was elected by the rest of the Diet as first Head of Cabinet (HoC), even if not by majority.
Other nine representatives were appointed as Secretaries, that is, members of the Cabinet.
The second election will be set for 1780, and thus, every five years.
CHAPTER XXVI: FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
The first constitutional Emperor, Ferdinand IV, dies in 1789 and he is succeeded by heir Prince Karl, crowned as Emperor Karl III.
Unlike the CETN, which is enjoying one of the brightest moments in the Teutonic history, the situation in the rest of Europe is very unstable during the decade of 1790s. In 1792, a revolutionary movement inspired by the Teutonic experience, launches a big campaign in Tuscany against the Spanish dominion. The Spanish Empire is currently challenged by the first pro-independence revolts in Spanish America, and they are not able to stop the Tuscan revolution, which will finally lead to the proclamation of the Republic of Pisa in 1795. Before the end of the century, the Republic will also incorporate other areas of Spanish Italy, as well as Corsica.
The conservative and pro-Spanish governments of Lombardy and Venice declare war to the new Republic in 1798, but they only manage to capture some northern cities like Modena.
Another power in serious trouble is the Ottoman Empire. The terrible defeat of 1780 has damaged the Empire more than expected and now, alternative powers are emerging from inside the Empire itself. In 1799, the Ottoman official Muhammad Ali Pasha declared himself Sultan of Egypt, leading a successful insurrection against the Ottoman power in the province of Egypt; after only 18 months of war, the new Sultanate evicted the Ottomans not only from Egypt proper, but also from Palestine and southern Syria. Taking advantage of the extremely weak situation of the Ottomans, Serbia and Greece declares full independence in 1801, while Spain occupies Tripolitania; Cirenaica is invaded by Greek forces at the end of 1802.
Muhammad Ali Pasha, Sultan of Egypt.
In 1803, delegations from the CETN and the Russian Tsardom meet at Hadschibei (Jedisan) to discuss the fate of Constantinople. As the Ottoman Empire seems to be doomed at that moment, both powers want to secure a long-awaited free pass through the Dardanelles for their corresponding Black Sea fleets. Neither Teutons nor Russians want to control Constantinople directly, but agree on helping Greece to recover the former Byzantine capital. In exchange, Greeks would allow the CETN and the Tsardom to sail freely through the Dardanelles.
So, in 1804, Alexandros Papanikolaos, a Greek leader who pretended to be descendent of the last Byzantine Emperors (a fact never verified), was proclaimed first Emperor of the Greeks, with the approval of both CETN and Russia. With the military help of the two mentioned powers, Greece crushes the Ottomans in several battles, and expands its territory into Thrace and West Anatolia. In 1806 they also invade the island of Cyprus; the remaining Ottoman Balkans is divided in two puppet states: Bulgaria and South Slavonia (co-ruled by the former Ottoman local administration, Greece and delegates from CETN and Russia).
Even if the Ottoman Empire officially collapses in 1807 (it is replaced by the Sultanate of Anatolia), the Greeks do not manage to recover Constantinople. The withdrawal of Russia from the campaign, caused by the Great Armenian Uprising (which will lead to the Armenian independence in 1808) and a new war against Persia (who is invading part of the Russian Caucasus), leaves the Greeks only assisted by the CETN, and the allies fail to take the city of the Bosphorus in June 1808.
After the failure, the CETN advises Greece to stop the campaign by the moment and better consolidate the gains. The Teutons have another unexpected front of war in the Balkans. Serbia (independent since 1801 and allied of the CETN) has declared war to Venice in 1808, because of the control of Dalmatia. The Serbian-Venetian war (1808-1812) is increasingly involving the CETN in it, as the Lutheran German-speaking revolutionaries of Hayden (Cortina d’Ampezzo) are requesting the Teutonic help in the Friuli, greatly affected by the war. Obviously, some Lutheran Friulians want the CETN to free them from conservative and Catholic Venice.
The situation is worsened when a conservative movement attempts a coup d’état in Serbia in 1811, which is only stopped thanks to the Teutonic intervention. However, the country falls into anarchy and Venice counter-attacks occupying Bosnia (which was a Serbian semi-autonomous province). The Imperial Diet, after a very harsh debate, authorizes in early 1812 the Teutonic direct intervention in the war. After this, Venice is rapidly defeated and ultimately partitioned. The provinces of Friuli, Istria and Dalmatia are incorporated as three new national lands into the CETN, after approval of their provisional assemblies, in 1814; thus, the three territories acquire the self-government historically denied by the conservative Venetians, as well as freedom of cult.
Bosnia and Serbia also join the CETN, as the only viable option to achieve a political stability, in 1815. Now the CETN features 85 national lands.
The first constitutional Emperor, Ferdinand IV, dies in 1789 and he is succeeded by heir Prince Karl, crowned as Emperor Karl III.
Unlike the CETN, which is enjoying one of the brightest moments in the Teutonic history, the situation in the rest of Europe is very unstable during the decade of 1790s. In 1792, a revolutionary movement inspired by the Teutonic experience, launches a big campaign in Tuscany against the Spanish dominion. The Spanish Empire is currently challenged by the first pro-independence revolts in Spanish America, and they are not able to stop the Tuscan revolution, which will finally lead to the proclamation of the Republic of Pisa in 1795. Before the end of the century, the Republic will also incorporate other areas of Spanish Italy, as well as Corsica.
The conservative and pro-Spanish governments of Lombardy and Venice declare war to the new Republic in 1798, but they only manage to capture some northern cities like Modena.
Another power in serious trouble is the Ottoman Empire. The terrible defeat of 1780 has damaged the Empire more than expected and now, alternative powers are emerging from inside the Empire itself. In 1799, the Ottoman official Muhammad Ali Pasha declared himself Sultan of Egypt, leading a successful insurrection against the Ottoman power in the province of Egypt; after only 18 months of war, the new Sultanate evicted the Ottomans not only from Egypt proper, but also from Palestine and southern Syria. Taking advantage of the extremely weak situation of the Ottomans, Serbia and Greece declares full independence in 1801, while Spain occupies Tripolitania; Cirenaica is invaded by Greek forces at the end of 1802.
Muhammad Ali Pasha, Sultan of Egypt.
In 1803, delegations from the CETN and the Russian Tsardom meet at Hadschibei (Jedisan) to discuss the fate of Constantinople. As the Ottoman Empire seems to be doomed at that moment, both powers want to secure a long-awaited free pass through the Dardanelles for their corresponding Black Sea fleets. Neither Teutons nor Russians want to control Constantinople directly, but agree on helping Greece to recover the former Byzantine capital. In exchange, Greeks would allow the CETN and the Tsardom to sail freely through the Dardanelles.
So, in 1804, Alexandros Papanikolaos, a Greek leader who pretended to be descendent of the last Byzantine Emperors (a fact never verified), was proclaimed first Emperor of the Greeks, with the approval of both CETN and Russia. With the military help of the two mentioned powers, Greece crushes the Ottomans in several battles, and expands its territory into Thrace and West Anatolia. In 1806 they also invade the island of Cyprus; the remaining Ottoman Balkans is divided in two puppet states: Bulgaria and South Slavonia (co-ruled by the former Ottoman local administration, Greece and delegates from CETN and Russia).
Even if the Ottoman Empire officially collapses in 1807 (it is replaced by the Sultanate of Anatolia), the Greeks do not manage to recover Constantinople. The withdrawal of Russia from the campaign, caused by the Great Armenian Uprising (which will lead to the Armenian independence in 1808) and a new war against Persia (who is invading part of the Russian Caucasus), leaves the Greeks only assisted by the CETN, and the allies fail to take the city of the Bosphorus in June 1808.
After the failure, the CETN advises Greece to stop the campaign by the moment and better consolidate the gains. The Teutons have another unexpected front of war in the Balkans. Serbia (independent since 1801 and allied of the CETN) has declared war to Venice in 1808, because of the control of Dalmatia. The Serbian-Venetian war (1808-1812) is increasingly involving the CETN in it, as the Lutheran German-speaking revolutionaries of Hayden (Cortina d’Ampezzo) are requesting the Teutonic help in the Friuli, greatly affected by the war. Obviously, some Lutheran Friulians want the CETN to free them from conservative and Catholic Venice.
The situation is worsened when a conservative movement attempts a coup d’état in Serbia in 1811, which is only stopped thanks to the Teutonic intervention. However, the country falls into anarchy and Venice counter-attacks occupying Bosnia (which was a Serbian semi-autonomous province). The Imperial Diet, after a very harsh debate, authorizes in early 1812 the Teutonic direct intervention in the war. After this, Venice is rapidly defeated and ultimately partitioned. The provinces of Friuli, Istria and Dalmatia are incorporated as three new national lands into the CETN, after approval of their provisional assemblies, in 1814; thus, the three territories acquire the self-government historically denied by the conservative Venetians, as well as freedom of cult.
Bosnia and Serbia also join the CETN, as the only viable option to achieve a political stability, in 1815. Now the CETN features 85 national lands.