Chapter Six: The Arsenal of Incumbency
"This was to be the year of voting rights and foreign policy. And it was clear from the outset that China, South Africa and voting rights would be our priorities."
Memoirs
"I had an irresolvable dilemma. Putting Bob in as Attorney General would cause Southern issues in 1968, and he didn't want to give up the Senate. On the other hand, a straight succession would look rather suspicious. Hugh Scott had no interest in the Presidency, and Rockefeller was never much of an option. In the Cabinet, George Romney, the most eligible of all of them, was not capable of major-league pitching in my view. So the choice narrowed down to those two, and since Rockefeller was not terribly popular because of his remarriage, the choice was somewhat inevitable."
"Been enjoying Judiciary and F.R. these days, but I've gotten the heads-up on three major F.P. initiatives. They're secret right now, but Dick says we will transform FR and the party by term's end. There's a great party at M.V. on Sat. and have confirmed attendance already. Teddy says there's something important that could have consequences. Hope it's not what I think it might be..."
- Robert Kennedy journal, Jan. 26, 1965
"I boarded a PIA 707 for Beijing from Lahore at 0230, not knowing what was in store. Upon my arrival in Beijing, I was whisked to see Zhou at his official residence. We talked for most of the day, and agreed to meet again in six weeks time. He told me that Mao and himself had committed to opening ties with the U.S. after 16 years of isolation. Upon my return to Washington, I met with the President and informed him of our plans. We decided that Chinese-US relations would be the priority this year, along with Vietnam. South Africa would come in 1966, but the Voting Rights Act had to also be passed in the next two years, before attention shifted to the 1968 election."
Furlough at Foggy Bottom, Henry Kissinger, 1987
Feb. 17, 1965- MACMILLAN RESIGNS, HEATH NEW PM
In India, Prime Minister Desai had begun to dismantle what he called the "suffocating statist spiderweb", by abolishing the Planning Commission and replacing it with the Economic Advisory Council, chaired by the eminent economist Dr. Manmohan Singh. Rumbles emanated from the left wing of the party, but the Prime Minister ignored them, appointing the universally respected Lal Bahadur Shastri his caucus liaison. In a purposeful slap at Indira Gandhi, still a Rajya Sabha backbencher, he appointed her cousin B.K. Nehru Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister. Desai had also created the Ministry of Intergovernmental Affairs to handle federal-state relations, which he had felt led to "Delhi dictatorship." On June 27, 1965 he renewed the English compromise for another fifteen years over the objections of the party left. When asked why, the Prime Minister retorted "because of our educational system". By contrast, in Manila, President Marcos was sailing towards victory in November, but had already begun planning a radical change ahead...
"On Aug. 5 I asked Bill Rogers to begin drafting a Voting Rights bill. We had already consulted leading Democrats, including Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, and of course my brother-in-law Jack. We were distracted on the home front for a week or so."
Memoirs
"Bob, call Jack and Ted, we need to have a family council at the White House tonight. Do you have anything planned? No, but we're in session until five. Come here after."
- Private call, Aug. 7, 1965
Nixon- "What's the problem?
Ted- Well, there's been a, shall we say, issue. The rumor about Joan and myself, it's kind of true."
Jack- "That you're incompatible and you want out?"
Ted- "Correct."
Nixon- "This could become very messy, and will ensure you will never reach the room below us. Now, is it because of what we'll call extracurricular activities?"
Ted- "There were some parties..."
Bobby- "Teddy, the whole thing from beginning to end."
Nixon- (20 min later): If that gets out, we'll all be in it knee deep. Go for counseling, and if that doesn't work, tell us before making any unilateral decisions."
Ted- "OK, but how do I tell the kids."
Jack- "That's more for Bobby and Dick than us, Ted."
Nixon- "If it gets in the papers, I'll say that Uncle Ted made a mistake. A very bad one. But each to his own discretion."
A few weeks later, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was introduced in the House. On Sept. 23, it passed 385-140 and was sent to the Senate. The filibuster began on Oct. 2, and continued for two days before cloture ended it 73-27.
"On Oct. 17, I flew aboard Air Force One to Guam for a stopover. Two days later, we arrived in Beijing, which caught the media and the country completely by surprise. The talks with Mao and Chou were productive. We agreed on a schedule of establishing liaison offices (ironically in the old embassies) by 1968 and full embassies by 1973. On Vietnam, Mao said that the status quo was fine, but promised to reduce the Chinese support contingent by 30% in the next year. If a settlement along Korean lines was reached, he would have no objections."
Memoirs
On Jan. 10, 1966, President Nixon departed for a state visit to South Africa. The mission was ostensibly run of the mill, but both he and Prime Minister Verwoerd had something entirely different in mind. The results would substantially improve US-SA ties...
The negotiators sat down to work. How would they navigate the shoals? President Nixon wasn't worried about the domestic implications of this. Perhaps he could get Fulbright's vote. He would be even more of a hypocrite than he already was. Nixon liked best Bobby's description of Fulbright: "Wilson reincarnated".
"On March 4 I was ready to make the announcement."
PRES NIXON ANNOUNCES US-SOUTH AFRICA FTA IMPENDING
"Now if we could conclude one with the Canadians, so much the better. Though we would have to start right now, and I don't think Mike has the numbers for such an undertaking. We'll have to wait for a Tory administration without Diefenbaker."
-President Nixon to Cabinet, Apr. 2, 1966
On May 10, 1966 the House passed the draft FTA 319-116. In the Senate, it was denounced by Fulbright as "appeasement of the Afrikaners" which elicited widespread laughter amongst many Senators considering Fulbright's racial views. On May 26, at a ceremony in Washington, the treaty was signed by President Nixon and Prime Minister Verweord amid much fanfare.
Meanwhile, in Manila, President Marcos ordered the convocation of a Constitutional Convention under Carlos Garcia. The objective was considering a federal state, though many suspected what the President really wanted was to beat the King record...
Canadian federal election, Apr. 15, 1966
Liberal: 128 seats (+9)
Progressive Conservative: 99 seats
NDP: 25 seats
Socred: 14 seats
Incumbent PM: Lester Pearson (Lib)
In September, the family reconvened, this time at Hyannisport.
Ted- It just can't work out.
Nixon- Have you stopped doing what we discussed last time?
Ted- Yes, but it doesn't seem to work.
Bobby- Well, a divorce would cause an uproar in the media. Right now, how's the counseling going?
Ted- Somewhat better.
Jack- I'd say keep counseling going until year-end. Then after that, any decision could be made.
Nixon- Jack's right. How many people know outside the family?
Ted- No one.
Nixon- Excellent.
Generic Congressional ballot
Republican: 48%
Democratic: 42%
Undecided: 10%
Midterm elections, Nov. 8, 1966
House results
Republican: 231 seats (+18)
Democratic: 204 seats
Speaker-elect: Gerald Ford (R-MI)
Senate results:
Democratic: 60 seats (-3)
Republican: 40 seats
Marshall Parker (R-SC) defeats Fritz Hollings (D-SC)
Jack Kennedy becomes the ranking Democrat on Foreign Relations, Bobby the ranking Republican on Judiciary.
As 1967 opened, tensions began to rise in the Middle East. This was one area which had been neglected by the Administration, particularly with the fedayeen raids into Israel. In Vietnam, the war was going well, with the ARVN moving into Cambodia and Laos to try and cut the Trail. President Diem's land reform program had been completed, but at the age of 65 he was beginning to show his age. Privately he favors Gen. Thieu as his successor, though there would be problems with his brother and sister-in-law.
"By spring 1967 I had accomplished my policy goals. I wanted to do healthcare as well, but the window had closed. Come the fall, all attention would be focused on the 1968 presidential election."
Memoirs
Personal lives update- as of April 1967
President and First Lady: Very smooth, weekly family dinners. Begun library planning once leaving office. President Nixon is thinking of seeking the NY Governorship or the other Senate seat in 1970.
Jack and Jackie- JFK still has medical issues as he approaches his 50th birthday, but is much better thanks to his new cortisone treatment. Plans to become the Legislator-in-Chief.
Bobby and Nancy- Smooth as ever, but anxious about the following November. President Nixon has looked for a successor and found none. The President, as per his custom, was not pressuring him at all. "I want the Presidency, but right now there doesn't seem to be any enthusiasm for me." In the end, Bobby decides that if no Republican other than Rockefeller emerges by October, he will seek the GOP nomination.
Ted and Joan- Marriage has been stabilized and improving after being on the brink the previous winter.
June 4, 1967- ISRAEL LAUNCHES PREEMPTIVE STRIKE ON EGYPT, JORDAN, SYRIA
June 10, 1967- ALL OVER- ISRAEL CAPTURES GAZA, WEST BANK, GOLAN
In July 1967 Britons went to the polls.
UK general election, 1967
Conservative: 389 (+10)
Labour: 231 seats
Liberal: 5 seats
Incumbent PM: Ted Heath (Tory)
All for now... Next, Campaign '68.