Conradin, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Sicily, Germany, Italy and Jerusalem 1252-1317

Following a short stop in the Duchy of Florence, the Imperial cortege arrived to Rome in the first hours of 28 July 1308. This time Conradin, due to his frail health, didn't entered in the city riding his horse but in a litter carried by ten soldiers, a dramatic event who was vividly described by the chronicler Guido di Abbracciabene:

The Emperor arrived to the Holy City of Rome but his strength was diminished by years of fights and intrigues, and was noted that he was very sick with some kind of disease who didn't leave him to ride a horse or to walk properly....despite this, the population received him with full honors and deference to his majesty and reputation.

Conradin and Berenguela stayed at the Palazzo di Castiglia, where they were greeted by Ezziolo, Imperial Vicar of the Kingdom of Italy, and his wife Contessina. Was the first time that the Emperor saw Ezziolo's son, the 8-years-old Corrado-Tedisio, and he was delighted with him: reportedly, the boy began his military training at his request, and also showed his predilection to learning foreign languages like German, French and English.

The Empress, however, wasn't thrilled with Corrado-Tedisio or his parents; once she arrived to the Palazzo di Castiglia, inmediately locked herself in her rooms with her grandson the new King of the Romans and her ladies-in-waiting, refusing to appeared to any of the banquets that Ezziolo and Contessina offered for the Imperial couple.

During this visit, Berenguela made only one public appearance, at Saint Peter's Basilica, where she and Conradin paid a visit to Pope Nicholas III. During the meeting, the Empress asked the Pope a blessing for her grandchildren, especially the King of the Romans.

A few days later (1 August), Selvaggia, Dowager Queen of Bohemia, arrived to Rome with her court and an important treasure consisted in jewels, pieces of gold and silver and tapestries.

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Following her marriage, Selvaggia, now Queen of Bohemia, lived at Prague Castle, and thanks to her dower lands and beauty, she quickly became in the dominant force at court and over her husband. Almost inmediately, she fulfilled her queenly duties giving birth a daughter on 18 November 1299, named Ludmila after the Czech 10th century saint and wife of Bořivoj I, the first historically documented Duke of Bohemia; after her, five more children were born: twins Ottokar and Jaromír (born: 20 October 1301), Konrád (born: 17 July 1303), Markéta (born: 1 August 1304) and Anežka (born: 19 June 1305).

King Wenceslaus II died on 21 June 1305, probably of tuberculosis, and only two days after the birth of his last child. His eldest son was inmediately proclaimed King Wenceslaus III and quickly crowned at Saint Vitus on 1 August; this move was probably made because of fear that the now Dowager Queen Selvaggia would used her status as daughter of the overlord of the Kingdom of Bohemia to put her eldest son Ottokar in the throne.

Because the new King was still underage, Nicholas I, Duke of Troppau, the illegitimate son of King Ottokar II and thus half-brother of Wenceslaus II, assumed the Regency on behalf of his nephew. Selvaggia, unsuccessfully tried to claim a participation in the government until mid-August 1305, when she decided to retired to Hradec Králové, the biggest and most important of her dower lands; according to her marriage contract, and despite the protests of the Regent, Selvaggia ruled her domains independently from the Bohemia crown. In order to obtain the lands for himself and also overwhelmed by the legendary beauty of the Dowager Queen, Nicholas I asked her hand in marriage, but Selvaggia refused.

Finally, in early January 1308, once was informed of her father's health problems and bored of ruling her dower lands, she sold all of them to the crown by the amount of 320,000 pieces of fine silver (an astronomical sum by that time) and prepared her departure. When she finally negociated with the Regent the custody of her children (who remained in Prague), and their succession rights, she leave the Kingdom of Bohemia in mid-March 1308. She never returned.

After wandered with her retinue and treasure for Austria, Switzerland, Bavaria, Tyrol and Lombardy, when Selvaggia knew of her father's arrival to Rome, she inmediately marched to meet him.

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The reunion between Selvaggia and Conradin was touching but also difficult, thanks to the intrigues of Berenguela, who hated the free spirit and fame of the Dowager Queen of Bohemia.

Was the Empress who arranged a new marriage for Selvaggia, this time for the long-timed Imperial ward and Duke of Athens, Guy II de la Roche-sur-l’Ognon. After being declared an adult in 1295, he chose to remained in Italy and leave the government of his Duchy firstly in the hands of his step-father Hugh of Brienne (who ruled as a bailiff during all his minority) and after his death of his brother-in-law Niccolò Sanudo (husband of his uterine half-sister Joanna of Brienne).

The marriage contract was quickly signed on 10 August 1308, and the wedding was celebrated three days later, on 13 August, at Saint Peter's Basilica; however, Guy II was gravely ill at that point and reportedly, his marital duties finally killed him: two months later, on 5 October, the Duke of Athens died of high fever and convulsions. Selvaggia, now Dowager Duchess of Athens, found herself pregnant, and exactly eight months later, on 16 June 1309, gave birth Guy II's posthumous daughter and heiress, Bonne.


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The newly widowhood of Selvaggia and the birth of her daughter forced Conradin to stay for more time in Rome, in order to arrange the succession of the Duchy of Athens. Due to the previous vassalage made by Duke William I de la Roche before his death in 1287, the Emperor was the overlord over all his domains, and now, with the death of Guy II, the legitimate heiress was his posthumous daughter, Bonne, who was invested with the title on 1 August 1309.

The Regency of the Duchy of Athens was clarified in a council at the Palazzo di Castiglia only mid-November, because all the competitors for the title were summoned by Imperial command to discuss the matter:

The closest relatives of the late Duke Guy II where the descendants of the three sisters of his father William I:

  • Eschiva d'Ibelin, only surviving daughter of Alice, eldest sister of William I, and widow of Honfroy de Montfort, Lord of Tyre and Guy de Lusignan, Constable of Cyprus. She counted with the support of her brother-in-law King Henry II of Cyprus, and actively defended her claims and rights of inheritance through her mother.

  • Comte Henri III de Vaudémont, grandson of Margherita, second sister of William I. With interests in French soil, he didn't pursued his claim and renounced to his rights.

  • Gauthier de Brienne, Conte di Lecce, son of Isabella, third sister of William I. He counted with the support of the local population because he was the step-brother of Guy II and his father Hugh (also a claimant to the throne of Cyprus and relative of Conradin) was bailiff and Regent during the late Duke's minority.
Finally Conradin, influenced by his familiar affinity with the Brienne family and the continuity of a peaceful government in the Duchy of Athens, declared Gauthier de Brienne the Regent and Governor of the Duchy on behalf of the infant Duchess, whose legal guardianship was granted to him (1 December 1309).

Another issue resolved in this meeting where the rights of Selvaggia as Dowager Duchess of Athens and her involvement in the Regency. The Emperor wanted that his daughter this time would be more interested in political affairs, and proposed a co-regency between Gauthier de Brienne and Selvaggia, but she refused to leave Italy; however, she was extremely interested in asserted her rights as a widow of Guy II and mother of the reigning Duchess, so at the end, and with the Imperial consent, she negociated with Gauthier of Brienne the abandonment of claims.

On 3 December, and after obtain the consent of Prince Alphonse II of Achaea and his mother Isabella as nominal overlords of the fief, Gauthier of Brienne formally surrender the Lordship of Argos and Nauplia to Selvaggia as her donatio propter nuptias (dower land) with complete sovereignty over them, and three days later (6 December), she also received the main athenian cities of Libadostro and Megara as a part of her dower, in exchange to surrender all her parental rights over her daughter, empowering the new Regent to take her to Athens.

After solemn receptions and ceremonies, on 12 December Gauthier of Brienne, now officially Regent and Governor of the Duchy of Athens with Imperial assent, parted with a militar contingent, taking with him the infant Duchess Bonne. With them, also parted Prince Alphonse II of Achaea and his mother with a large retinue and treasure, after finally being allowed to leave Italy and moved to their domains.


TO BE CONTINUED......
 
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Damn, Selvaggia is literally a black widow - I would feel bad for her next husband. Even if she would always be a really appetible suitor, with all those titles and lands she is ammassing. But after all I remember when it was told she would have the adventurous life... Going here and there in Europe.
 
The intervention in the Duchy of Athens in 1310-11 was the last militar campaign in which Conradin personally participated.

Gauthier de Brienne, after being recognized as Regent on behalf of the infant Duchess Bonne de la Roche, inmediately saw his rule threatened by the Despotate of Epirus, Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and John II Doukas, Lord of Thessaly (who took advantage of the long absence and death of Duke Guy II to renegated from his homage to Athens).

In need of a rapid action against Andronikos II, Gauthier de Brienne hired on mid-March 1310 the Catalan Company, and with their help ravaged the Byzantine Empire and fight the Byzantine Greeks encroaching on his territory. When the Duchy was finally freed from his enemies, the Catalan Company claimed his payments; however, Gauthier de Brienne, with financial difficulties, refused to do it and wanted to expel the Company from Athens with their pay in arrears.

Feeling cheated by the Regent of Athens, the Company refused to leave the territory, and began a series of incursions in the main cities of the Duchy of Athens. In such desperate situation, on July 1310 Gauthier de Brienne asked the help of Prince Alphonse II of Achaea (who at first was hesitant to intervene) and the vassals of Athens -among them the most prominent were Alberto Pallavicini, Marquess of Bodonitsa, Thomas III d'Autremencourt, Lord of Salona, and the barons of Euboea: Bonifacio da Verona (who was briefly bailiff of the Duchy of Athens during 1308-1309), George I Ghisi and John de Noyers- as also called for reinforcements from the other principalities of Frankish Greece.

King Jaime II of Aragon (who succeeded his childless brother Alfonso III in 1291) although didn't officially supported them, send money and supplies to the Catalan Company, and began negociations with Emperor Andronikos II for a combined invasion to the Principality of Achaea and the Duchy of Athens.

Isabella of Villehardouin, co-Princess of Achaea with her son Alphonse II, after being warned of the inminent Aragonese-Byzantine alliance by Empress Eirene (born Yolanda of Montferrat and estranged wife of Andronikos II), inmediately mastered some troops and joined the Athenian coalition against the Catalan Company. Also, send letters to the Emperor asking his help and intervention to save the inheritance of her son and the independence of the Duchy of Athens.


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When the news arrived to Palermo in mid-October 1310, inmediately Conradin began the preparations for the war. Despite the protests of his physicians and the worries of his wife, the Emperor felt that was his duty to came to rescue his vassals, and moreover, helped his daughter-in-law and grandson.

After being raise an army with the Sicilian major nobles families, Conradin, in a litter, began the trip to the port city of Crotone, where he waited the rest of the Imperial army leaded by both Ezziolo and 21-years-old Count Rudolph III of Habsburg, Duke of Unter-Carinthia.

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Rudolph III, the eldest son of Selvaggia, asked permission to the German Regent Frederick I of Austria to leaded the troops required by his grandfather Conradin, in order to proved himself in battle and to defend the rights of his mother in Athens. Despite his youth, his military habilities where well known and the Regent agreed, but only if he had the assistance of Count Adolf of Nassau and Waldemar, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal, both renowned militar commanders.

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The hurry of the Emperor's calling caused that the Germans rushed their way to Crotone, where Conradin and Ezziolo anxiously waited for them, moreover after receiving another urgent letter from Isabella of Villehardouin: the Catalan Company already took the athenian cities of Eleusis, Piraeus and Laurium, and began the besiege of Athens and the destruction of the Hexamilion wall to enter in Achaea.

When on early December 1310 was knew that in a combined action, the Aragonese and Byzantine troops began the invasion of Achaea, Conradin was ready to fight. After send diplomatic protests to both King Jaime II and Emperor Andronikos II without results, the Imperial army composed by Germans, Italians and Sicilian leave the port of Crotone in a Genoese flotilla in his way to Achaea.


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The Imperial army arrived to the island of Zakynthos on 16 January 1311, and since there planned the invasion to Achaea and Athens. Conradin, despite his fragil health, vehemently urged the invasion, but the militar commanders wanted first to observed the capacity and supplies of the Catalan Company and the Aragonese-Byzantine army.

Rudolph III of Habsburg, Duke of Unter-Carinthia and one of the leaders of the German army, was anxious to fight due to his warlike nature, well-noted by contemporary chroniclers. Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg, however, shared the opinion of Ezziolo -who was the one who adviced calm instead to an open warfare- and also wanted to wait until the situation could be in their favor.

Conradin, however, following to his custom to always anticipated the moves of the others...the Emperor was the master of intrigues and plots (according to the Imperator Vitas) before his departure from Crotone send secret messages and letters to his niece, the Byzantine Empress Eirene, asking her intervention to undermine the reign of her estranged husband.

As the Emperor expected, Eirene (indebted with Conradin for the investidure of her son in Montferrat and also taking the oportunity to vilified her husband) since her dower lands in Thessaloniki encouraged violent riots against the rule of Andronikos II; his eldest son and co-Emperor Michael IX, despite being a brave and good soldier, hardly could kept the internal peace; according to the chronicles of Nikephoros Gregoras once the young Emperor put peace in the realm, his stepmother again began her intrigues and another war erupted....the treasure of the Empire soon became exhausted and the situation was chaotic.

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Once the news arrived to the Byzantine Imperial troops in their camp at the district of Sidius in the Isthmus of Korinth (a few miles away from the Hexamillion, who was almost ready to be destroyed), Emperor Andronikos II inmediately ordened his troops to retreat and returned to Constantinople; being a superstitious and extremely religious man, he believed that this was "a sign of God of the wrongness of his cause". The leader of the Aragonese army, Infante Federico, younger brother of James II, was amazed by the attitude of the Byzantine Emperor; being a weak and inexpert general, the Infante send several messages asking his brother advice about if they had to continue the fight and send the expected support to the Catalan Company, or also retreat.

James II (who coincidentally had began to faced problems in the Castilian-Aragonese borders thanks to militar incursions of King Alfonso XI), and in need of his money and troops, ordened the retreat of his troops, who began in mid-February 1311. The Catalan Company, without the supporty of the Kingdom of Aragon and the Byzantine Empire, faced now alone the Imperial combined army of Germans, Sicilians and Italian, leaded by Conradin.


TO BE CONTINUED......
 
HI TO ALL THE MEMBERS::::::::::::::

After almost three years I had de oportunity now to revive all my threads!!!! Sorry but I have serious health issues now resolved...I hope your support!! Thanks!!!!!! :cool:
 
The Staufen army leaded by Conradin arrived to Thebes, the provisional capital of the Duchy of Athens on 19 February 1311. The Catalan Company, feared of being destroyed by the Imperial troops, leave the city the previous night (like shameless thieves, according to the Imperator Vitas); Ramon Muntaner, one of the main leaders of the Company, wrote in his later chronicle:

Even in a litter, the old Emperor was feared and respected by all his soldiers...the population acclaimed him as a true warrior, I'm shocked of seeing such demostration of power from a prince.....

Once secured Thebes, in the following weeks Conradin and his army recovered all the lands of the Duchy of Athens conquered by them, securing the regency of Gauthier de Brienne and the rule of his granddaughter Bonne de la Roche, who was again enthroned as Sovereign Duchess of Athens and Neopatria on 1 March, being crowned by the Emperor himself. The next step of his expedition was secured the rule of the Principality of Achaea and, moreover, the destruction of the Catalan Company; leaving part of his army in Thebes under the command of Ezziolo, the Emperor advanced towards Andravida, capital of Achaea, at that point sieged by the Company. Feared for the safety of both his daughter-in-law Isabella of Villehardouin and grandson Prince Alphonse II, and despite his worsening health, Conradin personally leaded the army.

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The Staufen army arrived to Andravida in the early hours of 10 March; Roger Desllor, the new Supreme leader of the Catalan Company, told his soldiers to kept their positions for the final defeat of the old Staufen lion, referring to Conradin. The old Emperor, decided to leave his litter, and with the help of his grandson Rudolph III of Unter-Carinthia, mounted a horse and with a sword in his hand, harangued his troops to destroy their enemy. The Imperator Vitas recalled this emotional scene:

Despite being feverish and with small forces in his body, the great Emperor showed his power for the last time of his life.....with his sword pointed the doors of the city, he screamed: "My children, my people!!!!....today was the last battle of this aged body!!!....now showed the world the force of the Staufen lions!!"......with tears in their eyes, the soldiers cried Staufen!, Staufen!, knowing that this was the last time that they are in battle next to their lord.

Roger Desllor ordened a complete attack to the central part of the army, where Conradin was resguarded, but the Emperor, placing himself in danger, commanded an attack and encirclement of the north and west parts of Andravida walls; shocked about this, the soldiers of the Catalan Company who accompanied Roger Desllor retreated in order to recover their strategical positions, but to no avail: the citizens of Andravida, encouraged by the power of the Emperor, opened the gates of the city and fought alongside the Staufen troops. Surrounded by both flanks, the Catalan soldiers decided to surrended without conditions; Roger Desllor, captured inmediately after, was beheaded in the battlefield.

Having refused to use his litter, Conradin mounted his horse and entered in Andravida in the middle of cheers; his daughter-in-law and grandson received as their overlord, and confirmed the Imperial authority over the Principality of Achaea. Now secured Athens and Achaea, the Emperor proceeded with the last part of his campaign: the conquer of the Despotate of Epirus and Thessaly.

TO BE CONTINUED......
 
The coronation of Władysław I the Elbow-high as King of Poland took place at Gniezno Cathedral on 28 November 1297. All the Piast princes who participated in the Great Congress of Nysa attended the ceremony, legitimizing in this way the rule of the new monarch. As a part of the coronation, after the Papal Legate puts the crown in his head, Władysław I removed himself and offered to the Emperor as a symbol of homage; Conradin inmediately returned the crown to the Papal Legate, who again crowned Władysław I.

Wow, the Elbow-High behaves completely not like him IOTL. Elbow-High was the man, who out of his stupid pride deceived Teutonic Knights, promising them to pay for defense of Gdańsk from Brandenburgians, than not only he did not pay them, he did *surprise pikachu* face when deceived Knights started to take more and more Pomeranian castles from him, but he continued to anger Knights, refusing to be paid for already taken Pomeranian castles (and this gold would be super useful to him in fighting literal king of Bohemia trying to take his crown) and therefore led to alliance of these Knights with said king of Bohemia, thus losing his ancestral lands of Cuyavia and causing almost partition of his coutry between Bohemia and TO. And earlier, during his tenure as a prince he betrayed every single man he swore oath to - Przemysł II, Henry III of Głogów and Wenceslas II were all betrayed by him. He only was loyal to Charles Robert I of Hungary, but it was because he was effectively a Hungarian puppet in later stages of his reign (thanks to his "diplomacy" or lack thereof) and because Hungary was close to his domain and could invade. Łokietek's luck was that his more skilled and powerful contenders - Przemysł II, Henry III of Głogów and Wenceslas II died before him and that he had very, very capable son and heir, later king Casimir III, but you butterflied his birth away and it's unlikely that Władysław would have even more children with Ryksa - his last child with Jadwiga was Casimir born in 1310 and than he had no bastard or legitimate offspring, so he won't be able to produce a heir when Ryksa would finally be able to have sex with her. So I'm a bit surprised than Conradin chose someone that not trustworthy as his candidate for king of Poland (if I was Conradin, I'd probably strive towards my son/grandson marrying Ryksa and becoming thus King of Poland), but it happened - Łokietek would sooner or later do something stupid with danger to himself (IOTL he only learned how to shut up after 20 years of losing in the row and humiliating exile, ITTL Conradin's grace saved him from this experience). @Jan Olbracht
 
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