13. From 26 May 1995 through 19 June 1995, Bosnian Serb Forces under the command and control of General Ratko MLADIC seized and held over two hundred UN military observers and UN peacekeepers as hostages, following air strikes by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ("NATO") against Bosnian Serb Forces in BiH, in order to deter further air strikes in those areas where the hostages were being held. Some of the hostages were assaulted and otherwise maltreated during their captivity.
14. On 8 March 1995, Radovan KARADZIC, as the Supreme Commander of the VRS, issued Operational Directive 07, which directed the VRS to eliminate the Muslim enclaves of Srebrenica and Zepa, in furtherance of the "strategic objectives" of 12 May 1992. On 2 July 1995, Bosnian Serb Forces under the command and control of General Ratko MLADIC attacked the Srebrenica enclave. This attack on the enclave continued until 11 July 1995, when General Ratko MLADIC and the Bosnian Serb Forces entered Srebrenica. Subsequently, those Bosnian Serb Forces terrorised Bosnian Muslims, who were forcibly transferred to areas outside the enclave and many of whom fled in a huge column through the woods towards Tuzla. The majority of this group consisted of unarmed military personnel and civilians.
15. Between 12 July and about 20 July 1995, thousands of Bosnian Muslim men were captured by, or surrendered to, Bosnian Serb Forces under the command and control of General Ratko MLADIC. Over 7,000 Bosnian Muslim prisoners captured in the area around Srebrenica were summarily executed from 13 July to 19 July 1995. Killings continued thereafter. From about 1 August 1995 through about 1 November 1995, VRS units under the command and control of General Ratko MLADIC participated in an organised and comprehensive effort to conceal the killings and executions of the Bosnian Muslims of Srebrenica by reburying, in isolated locations, bodies exhumed from mass graves.
(International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia)
28 June 2001
1830 Local Time
It was past dinnertime, and Dina’s baby was getting fussy. She bounced and whispered to him as she ambled down the street, keeping a close eye for street vendors or more nefarious individuals. Tuzla was, mostly, a safe city, but safe and safe for her could sometimes be two very different things. She didn’t usually like to stay out much into the evening, especially not just her and the child. But sometimes, like tonight, Dina didn’t have a choice. It was be out or be hungry. She’d been hungry enough in her twenty-three years.
A warm summer breeze wafted down the street, bringing with it the mouth-watering scents of the nearby market. The breeze ruffled through her hair, blowing a few stray strands in front of her face and momentarily obstructing her vision. Solely by habit, she stopped to run her sleeve across her face, her son sensing her slight distress and nuzzling closer into her shoulder. Now a soft thumping noise filled the air, getting louder by the moment, and she looked up just in time to see three big, dark-colored helicopters swoop through the air above the city. The summer breeze turned into a summer gust, and she stepped several steps to the side of the street before they were gone.
In Tuzla, it wasn’t uncommon to see military helicopters or other signs that peace was barely old enough to go to primary school. It was quite a bit more uncommon for the helicopters to swoop so low over the city, and Dina let her mind wander for a few seconds as she regained her path and continued towards the market. But then those smells filled her nostrils again, and having barely considered the destination of those strange helicopters, or indeed the men inside of them, Dina was hurrying for dinner.
14. On 8 March 1995, Radovan KARADZIC, as the Supreme Commander of the VRS, issued Operational Directive 07, which directed the VRS to eliminate the Muslim enclaves of Srebrenica and Zepa, in furtherance of the "strategic objectives" of 12 May 1992. On 2 July 1995, Bosnian Serb Forces under the command and control of General Ratko MLADIC attacked the Srebrenica enclave. This attack on the enclave continued until 11 July 1995, when General Ratko MLADIC and the Bosnian Serb Forces entered Srebrenica. Subsequently, those Bosnian Serb Forces terrorised Bosnian Muslims, who were forcibly transferred to areas outside the enclave and many of whom fled in a huge column through the woods towards Tuzla. The majority of this group consisted of unarmed military personnel and civilians.
15. Between 12 July and about 20 July 1995, thousands of Bosnian Muslim men were captured by, or surrendered to, Bosnian Serb Forces under the command and control of General Ratko MLADIC. Over 7,000 Bosnian Muslim prisoners captured in the area around Srebrenica were summarily executed from 13 July to 19 July 1995. Killings continued thereafter. From about 1 August 1995 through about 1 November 1995, VRS units under the command and control of General Ratko MLADIC participated in an organised and comprehensive effort to conceal the killings and executions of the Bosnian Muslims of Srebrenica by reburying, in isolated locations, bodies exhumed from mass graves.
(International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia)
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Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
28 June 2001
1830 Local Time
It was past dinnertime, and Dina’s baby was getting fussy. She bounced and whispered to him as she ambled down the street, keeping a close eye for street vendors or more nefarious individuals. Tuzla was, mostly, a safe city, but safe and safe for her could sometimes be two very different things. She didn’t usually like to stay out much into the evening, especially not just her and the child. But sometimes, like tonight, Dina didn’t have a choice. It was be out or be hungry. She’d been hungry enough in her twenty-three years.
A warm summer breeze wafted down the street, bringing with it the mouth-watering scents of the nearby market. The breeze ruffled through her hair, blowing a few stray strands in front of her face and momentarily obstructing her vision. Solely by habit, she stopped to run her sleeve across her face, her son sensing her slight distress and nuzzling closer into her shoulder. Now a soft thumping noise filled the air, getting louder by the moment, and she looked up just in time to see three big, dark-colored helicopters swoop through the air above the city. The summer breeze turned into a summer gust, and she stepped several steps to the side of the street before they were gone.
In Tuzla, it wasn’t uncommon to see military helicopters or other signs that peace was barely old enough to go to primary school. It was quite a bit more uncommon for the helicopters to swoop so low over the city, and Dina let her mind wander for a few seconds as she regained her path and continued towards the market. But then those smells filled her nostrils again, and having barely considered the destination of those strange helicopters, or indeed the men inside of them, Dina was hurrying for dinner.