1631: It is a common Roman tradition to disparage the war-making capabilities of the Latins. While there is no question of Latin courage, there is usually the sense in Roman accounts that Latins have applied very little in the way of brains when it comes to warfare. As one of the more eloquent versions of this puts it, “they are fervent devotees of Ares, yet know nothing of the worship of Athena”.
That is unfair, particularly in the case of the army Holy Roman Emperor Theodor I assembles to assert his inheritance rights for the throne of Rhomania. The Brothers’ War saw a significant improvement in German military administration. Bavaria, Austria, Saxony, Brandenburg, and Schleswig-Holstein all are divided into cantonal districts which provide the manpower for local military units, as are the smaller Imperial territories scattered throughout the Holy Roman Empire, although some of the smaller units are amalgamated to support suitably large formations. On paper, the cantons can field an army of 100,000 infantry and 20,000 cavalry, and this is disregarding all the other forces the various other German states field.
Of course, paper strength and real strength often are far removed from each other so the actual numbers available to Theodor are far less. On the other hand, the same applies to the tagmata rolls at Demetrios III’s disposal. So Theodor is one of the few sovereigns in the world that has access to a pool of soldiery large enough to pose a threat to the Roman tagmata.
It is also a well-lead pool of soldiery with many officers bloodied in the Brothers’ War and against the Triunes. Field Marshal Blucher is the supreme commander of the Imperial army and his chief lieutenants include Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz (Commander of the Imperial Horse), August von Mackensen (Commander of the Imperial Foot-born a commoner but ennobled for bravery during the Brothers’ War), Joseph Radetzky von Radetz (Chief of Staff-one of many Bohemian officers in the Imperial army), and Albrecht von Wallenstein (Quartermaster General-another Bohemian).
German foot soldiers are well-known throughout Europe for their hardiness and bravery but cavalry and artillery are weaker points in the armies Theodor commands. Fortunately for him his allies help to cover that shortcoming, with both Hungary and especially Poland providing thousands of superb cavalry. Meanwhile the Triple Monarchy, per its alliance, sends Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban who spends the winter and spring overseeing the construction and organization of a powerful artillery train. When he is finished he is joined by Triune gun crews and a small infantry escort. There are some ugly incidents when some Triune soldiery get frisky with the local womenfolk; no one is quite sure where all of the offenders’ body parts ended up.
Paying for all this is a greater challenge though as the Holy Roman Empire doesn’t have the financial and especially banking institutions that either the Roman Empire or Triple Monarchy possess, both of whom can borrow with lower interest than Munich. In fact if it weren’t for the great victory over the Triunes at Antwerp in 1615 and the staggering windfall in plunder both there and in ‘contributions’ from northeast France, the Imperial government would’ve been forced to declare bankruptcy at the onset of the Rhine War. The massive reparation wrung out in treaty in 1619 had similarly been essential to averting that outcome.
Part of the Triune commitment besides Vauban and cannons is a subsidy, while more money comes from the Triune purchase of trading privileges in the various outposts German merchants have established in the east. None of them compare in size or number to those wrested by the Triunes themselves, but it is a useful supplement to the Triune trading network. To the impotent fury of the Hansa, one of the conditions for the alliance is that German merchants are barred from Triune posts. Also Theodor, acting as Roman Emperor, formally cedes all of ‘Rhomania in the East’ to the Triunes, and allows them to bar all of his subjects, both present and future, from those territories. Obviously the Triunes still have to take them by force; the Katepano of New Constantinople remarks that the only reason he doesn’t use said notice from his ‘legitimate sovereign’ to wipe his ass is that ‘the texture is inappropriate’.
But that is nowhere near enough. For more revenue Theodor is forced to turn to Pope Paul IV who is receptive to the proposal. The successes of the Roman Catholic Church in the past few years with the ‘return’ of Hungary and Scandinavia to the fold, the first significant changes to the Papal Schism since its inception over 250 years ago, have him feeling rather ambitious. Emperor Theodor is not the only one dreaming great dreams of unification. Perhaps the schism in the Catholic Church can be undone, and perhaps even the Great Schism as well. Christendom, long divided, must unite. So he opens the papal coffers.
Subsides from the taxes on the clergy are an incredibly welcome boon to Theodor’s war chest, eventually contributing over a quarter of his war financing. But while Theodor is openly proclaiming his respect for the Orthodox faith of the Romans Demetrios III immediately latches onto the tax which is identical in form although not in name to that issued by the Avignon Papacy in support of the Spanish war effort, the cruzada. Crusade. And would the Pope in Rome really be supplying so much money if Theodor’s claims were genuine? More than a few are doubtful.
Shortly after comes the report from an Office of Barbarians agent ensconced in Rome of the proposal to abduct Roman children for Catholic education. Historians today agree that the Papacy had no intention of even attempting such an effort but Demetrios III uses it for all its propaganda worth, sending word of it to every village from Dyrrachium to Manzikert. Theodor himself when he hears of it is cross with the secretary who proposed it. While he issues a statement to his ‘subjects’ that he has absolutely “no intention of breaking the God-ordained bonds of family” his criticism of the Papacy is muted at best. He can’t afford to endanger the flow of papal subsidies. Demetrios III muses loudly that even if Theodor were earnest, will he be able to deny the Pope when he demands his price?
Rather than trading barbs with Demetrios III, Theodor makes overtures to Serbia. King Stephan VII, now an old man in failing health, is still on the throne, the throne and his kingdom garnered through the support of Emperor Demetrios II from the Hungarians who now march at Theodor’s side. Buda’s support is vital for Theodor’s effort and he’s undoubtedly made promises, almost certainly at Serbia’s expense, making any German promises to Stephan automatically suspect in his eyes. From his capital of Raska, a thriving city of 12000 souls, his response is a declaration of war on the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, and the signing of a military alliance with Constantinople.
Vlachia too rallies to the Romans, although that is not surprising. Casimir’s ambitions to the region are no secret and his alliance with Theodor is an open threat to Targoviste. Theodor on the throne of Rhomania would be nothing less than a catastrophe for the Vlachs, potentially reducing them back to the dark days before Dragos I when they lived under the Magyar yoke.
Although there is a prosperous export business of leather, dairy products, mutton, and grain to Constantinople, plus mines in the Carpathians, Vlachia still is a poor and lightly populated country with just over 1.25 million people, its largest town the capital of Targoviste, all of 9000. So military strength it can apply directly is rather limited, but Vlach recruits into the Roman ranks are always welcome.
Vlachia has long and exposed frontiers with Poland and especially Hungary and the Magyars are eager to retake what was lost at Mohacs. But while the frontier is breached repeatedly by raids from both sides, serious strength is not committed here. The center of gravity is not here. The decisions of consequences will not be made here. That honor goes to Rhomania.
Serbia and Vlachia cleaving to the Romans is to be expected but both sides are busy wooing other parties. Recruits from Pronsk and Lithuania make their way south to muster in the Roman ranks. Although the line and guard tagmata are at as full strength as they ever are, garrisons need to be expanded and the sleeping tourmai, the deactivated field units that have only a small support staff active in peacetime, need to be filled. At the same time King Vakhtang IV of Georgia doesn’t officially join the war on the Roman side but in exchange for a subsidy he loans the tagma of Abkhazia, eight thousand strong, to Demetrios III.
Far to the south old Negusa Nagast Tewodros I, uncle-in-law of the new Roman Emperor much to his chagrin, does enter the war, although the immediate impact is minimal. Ethiopian ships have been skirmishing with Triune convoys for years now, so little changes.
Mustering in Buda, the combined German, Hungarian, and Polish armies proceed down the Danube while Serbian and Roman raiders set southern Hungary on fire, burning villages and slaughtering the peasants. The goal is to create a dead zone to hamper Theodor’s efforts to supply his armies. Playing a major role in these attacks are Roman trapezites, fast-moving but well-armed elite cavalry units used as scouts and for carrying out raids behind enemy lines, named after the units used by the Macedonian-dynasty Emperors for similar purposes.
Hungarian forces, backed by some early German arrivals, do their best to protect the region, and there are several small clashes. The honors go mainly to the Romans but the battles are of little significance in the grand scheme of things. On one occasion Tourmarch Michael Mikrulakes leads his soldiers forward with his band playing the German song ‘Watch on the Rhine’ with the words “we’ll beat them with their own damn tune!” The skirmish goes to the Romans.
Not everything though goes in Constantinople’s favor. A Croatian army, although small, quickly overruns the interior of Istria and launches strong probes into Dalmatia. The coastal cities, backed by warships from the Venetian squadron, are in little danger, but the rest of the two duchies has little in the way of defense.
King Casimir is present in the Imperial army, given command of all the cavalry. To avoid any issues of rank, Emperor Theodor I is also present and the official commander of the entire host, but Blucher is the one who issues the real orders.
He immediately proves his mettle, overrunning the Banat in a matter of days. The Serbian army under the command of Crown Prince Lazar, reinforced by the bulk of the Macedonian and Bulgarian tagmata, bars passage across the Danube. So after demonstrating on the far side for a while, Blucher withdraws back a little and then dispatches a strong cavalry force upstream where their mounts foul the water while the riders dump the typical detritus an army produces into the river.
Seeing the garbage on the current the prince, fearing the worst, immediately flies northwest with the bulk of the army at which point Blucher hurls a vanguard across the river led by Archbishop ‘Bone-Breaker’ Friedrich von Hohenzollern which brushes aside the token defenders. As soon as Lazar hears news of this he wheels around and attacks the bridgehead. But the Germans are already well-fortified and the Serb-Roman forces are strung out and tired from their recent forced marches. Five hundred casualties later and the German bridgehead is barely untouched.
Covered by Vauban’s artillery train more troops start flooding over the river, the guns also beating off three attacks by Roman gunboats to interdict the boat traffic. With Hungarian cavalry raiding all across the Danube frontier now and threatening further breaches Lazar pulls his forces back to consolidate. He knows, everyone knows, where the Germans must go next.
Belgrade, the great citadel, the Guard of the Danube. No advance south can be made until that is secured. The mighty fortress in Hungarian hands defied the Romans for years. Although not upgraded it has been completely repaired and is well-stocked with arms and supplies. Let the Germans bang their heads against that for a while.
Thus far only the troops of the Roman European themes have been involved. Shah Ibrahim has been in Baghdad since February, making many in Constantinople reluctant to deploy Asian troops to Serbia lest they be needed in the east. But intelligence reports that Ibrahim has crossed back across the Zagros allow Anatolian troops to begin moving westward as Vauban starts setting up his parallels around Belgrade.
The plan is simple. Belgrade-anvil. 120,000+ Serb-Roman army-hammer.