Re population growth, I'll note that the states that have succeeded the best at reducing fertility rates to or below replacement levels aren't necessarily the richest. Tamil Nadu is rich, but Kerala's economy is propped up by remittances from people who emigrated to richer states. West Bengal isn't very rich, either.
You could argue that prior investments into health and education would've later paid off, on the model of Mao-era universal health care and education setting the stage for industrialization from the Deng era onward, but it wouldn't be about fertility rates.