III: Unity Under A Second Term
The election had cemented that Ford had won an election as President, but under the arguably dubious means it had been won would permanently stain his reputation no matter what he had done or will do. For the President though with the discrepancy and remaining aftermath, his first goal for the nation would be unity. Throughout November and December, President Ford would meet with major Democratic leaders in Congress in order to achieve some kind of unity for the next year, among them would include Senators Kennedy, Byrd. Jr, and Church along with Representatives O'Neill, Wright, and Mahon. The major meetings with Democrats ahead of the 95th Congress represented the significant divide between the White House and Congress, both of opposing parties. Fortunately for President Ford, the Democrats failed to have a veto-proof majority in the Senate, while they had one in the House.
Despite the work on unity with Congress, President Ford was having to contend with the changing foreign policy that could have easily become disrupted with the transition of power if Carter had won. Africa was more and more becoming a focal point for foreign policy following the ignorance of both Presidents Johnson and Nixon (with their focus being upon Southeast Asia). The influx of Cubans into Southern Africa, primarily focused in Angola, was more and more becoming a concern (noted most especially by Secretary Kissinger) in the growing issues that were starting to sprout. Angola had emerged as a determined 'check' to Soviet expansionism, emerging after the urging of President Kenneth Kauanda of Zambia in April 1975. At the time, Angola was in the middle of the civil war, having started following the withdrawal of the Portugese in 1973. The most powerful of all factions was the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (PMLA), whom were backed by the Soviets and Cubans. In response, President Ford had found himself providing covert CIA support to the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), both of whom were directly opposing the PMLA.
The ambitions of aiding the MPLA by the Kremlin and Havana would be met with the deployment of 15,000 troops by Castro to aid the MPLA. South Africa itself would respond with sending troops into aiding the FNLA and UNITA against the Cuban-backed MPLA. After already spending $32 million on supporting FNLA and UNITA, the Ford administration was hoping to burgeon that with an additional $25 million, hoping the aid would allow the creation of a coalition government under the auspices of the Organization of African Unity. Congress' activities' into investigations of the CIA had brought a sharp desire into rein in the CIA, which would see the establishment of permanent House and Senate intelligence committees to oversee all CIA operations. Then in December of 1975, Congress voted to cut off all funds for CIA activities in Angola; this would be done by Senator John Tunney (D-CA) who sponsored an amendment on a defense appropriations bill. Because the bill funded critical programs like the B-1, Trident, and cruise missiles, Ford had no other choice but to sign the bell; even though he had to sign it, he had significant disappointment in Congress for allowing Castro free reign in Angola. The loss of American support to the FNLA and UNITA combined with Cuban troops helping the MPLA, would see their victory in the Angolan civil war in 1976. The action and deployment of Cuban troops into Angola had rapidly turned away any kind of detente with Cuba, and brought into light the 'Ford Doctrine', which promised that if the Cuban dictator caused any kind of trouble in the Western Hemisphere would see American force used in response.
Then there was China to contend with. On September 9th, Mao Zedong, the 'founding father' of the People's Republic of China had died and for a period of time, it was unsure who was likely to rise to power in Mao's wake, Jiang Quin (along with her chief associates) or Premier Hua Guofeng. On October 6th, Jiang Quin, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen found themselves arrested by Premier Hua Guofeng and proclaimed as the 'Gang of Four' who had planned to seize power. The next day, Hua Guofeng had emerged as the next Chairman of the Central Committee and as the next major leader of the People's Republic of China. Alongside Hua Guofeng's rise to power had also been Ye Jianying (who had led the generals in their support of Hua Guofeng) and Li Xiannian (who was Vice Premier in charge of economic affairs) into power as the new 'triumvirate' ruling the People's Republic of China. For the moment, Director of Central Intelligence George H.W. Bush was President Ford's direct link to what was going on from his previous experience as Chief of the Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China. On December 27th, Director Bush would inform President Ford of the death of Deng Xiaoping during apparent surgery for his prostate. Prior to the death of Mao, Deng Xiaoping had arguably been one of the chief leaders of arguably the 'moderate' faction within the People's Republic of China, and the death of Zhou Enlai had struck hard against Deng. Hua Guofeng had emerged as the new 'Acting Premier', while Deng Xiaoping had found himself slowly frozen out of the party apparatus. The events of the Tiananmen Incident would force Deng Xiaoping from power, with Mao removing Deng from all positions of power he had, but he would still retain his membership in the party. Whether his death was related to complications from the surgery, or had possibly been in some way politically motivated was unknown.
But while the focus of handling foreign policy was a necessity, a much more drastic need was ahead domestically. The need to rebuild the unity of the American people following such a contentious election. It would likely take a significant period of time, but Ford had to continue on the process, and the inauguration represented the best point from which such efforts could be continued. As he prepared for his inaugural address though, Congress would meet in a joint session to count the electoral votes from the 1976 Presidential election. This by itself would be contentious, with Representative Donald J. Pease (D-OH) raising an objection to the legitimacy of Ohio's electoral votes. The objection would be supported by Senator George McGovern (D-ND), and both the Senate and House would convene to vote on the matter. By a vote of 41-381 and 1-94, both the House and Senate would vote against the objections and so once more continue, fully cementing Gerald Ford's second term.
For President Ford, he would do a single switch considering the events that had happened as part of the election. While normally, the State of the Union followed prior to the inauguration, it was shifted to fifteen days after the inauguration on February 4th; for Ford, the primary reason was to address the unity for the country first in the inauguration and to follow while the State of the Union was to emphasize on an agenda palatable to both parties for the next year. As President Ford found himself inaugurated for a second term, he would be focused on the need for uniting the American people. But while the inaugural speech would be attempted on such issues, it would be met by major protests in DC, which included in two circumstances the throwing of eggs against the presidential limousine. The protests however would see limited clashes between protestors and Capitol Police, in what were growing fears of the turbulence and violence that could reignite under Ford's second term. The inaugural address would be met with a mixed response, with some of it being overshadowed by the clashes between protestors and Capitol Police in DC.
Yet for President Ford, it would be his State of the Union address to focus on the year in review and his agenda for the next year. The State of the Union would be focused on both domestic and foreign policy, and it would be of no surprise for the initial discussions into foreign policy. President Ford would once more reaffirm his support of an intent for detente between the United States and the Soviet Union via the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, with the hope of the Senate to pass 'SALT II' in the coming year. But it was in domestic policy where the most interesting comments came from in his State of the Union. Once more, he would emphasize the needs of the United States to make itself 'invulnerable to the foreign oil cartel' as he had said in both the 1975 and 1976 State of the Union addresses; such a task was of importance and could be done by the deregulation of oil and natural gas, the support and increase of nuclear power, the increased usage of mass transit, and as something more of an interesting take, the proposal to 'upgrade' the Energy Independence Agency into a cabinet-level department. But yet as he went on with his State of the Union, Ford would focus on the Constitution and on the amendment process. He would urge for the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, and in something of a shock, support the need of the reform of the Electoral College. Both the urging of the support of the ERA and the reform of the Electoral College would be seen as measures for bipartisanship following the rancor of the election. The State of the Union like the inaugural speech would be considered as vital points towards the hopeful slow rebuilding of the unity of the American people. On February 23rd, a curveball would be swung at the Ford Administration, then in the middle of continuations on SALT II and the beginnings of negotiations with Panama.
“This is breaking news from Walter Cronkite. We can confirm that more than two hundred American missionaries have been taken hostage by the Ugandan government...”