Chapter One: A Royal Upbringing
A Constitutional Iran

Point of Departure
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was known for believing in mysticism and that he was ordained by fate to lead Iran into modernity. This was fuelled by his mother who nurtured this side to his personality from a young age. What if Mohammad Reza grew up more grounded and less so in the mysticism that it was in our timeline? In this timeline, his mother dies in childbirth and Mohammad Reza develops a more assertive, self assured personality.

Chapter One
Mohammad Reza was only 6 when he was named the Crown Prince, by decree of his father, Shah Reza Pahlavi (Reza Shah). His entire life so far had been one in preparation for his future role as successor to the Peacock Throne. His father had kept his firstborn son close by his side since his birth, grooming him to take over from him. His mother, Tadj ol-Molouk had died in childbirth and Reza Shah wanted to ensure Mohammed Reza grew up rubbing shoulders with the elite of Persian society.

The question arose of a private tutor for the future Shah of Persia and Reza Shah had privately wished for him to follow in his every footstep – to see and understand every facet of power in what would become the future Pahlavi dynasty, a truly Persian monarchy fit for a modern Iran. Courtiers in Reza Shah’s inner circle counselled him to consider an alternative approach. His recent diplomatic note to the British Legation in Tehran had led to a fiery response from the Chargé d’Affaires, Harold Nicolson, who marched into the Foreign Ministry furious at the tone used. Reza Shah’s Prime Minister, Mohammad Ali Foroughi counselled him to consider that the British had been firm in their neutrality in his ascension to the Peacock Throne and that to further antagonise them would be ill-advised.

The question of how best to walk back the recent diplomatic faux pas was discussed in detail with the Foreign Ministry, but Foroughi suggested an alternative. Lady Nicolson, the wife of Harold Nicolson was in Tehran and had participated in the preparations for Reza Shah’s coronation – more importantly, she was a member of the British nobility being the daughter of Lionel Sackville-West, 3rd Baron Sackville. The suggestion being made whether Lady Nicolson would be a suitable as a Governess for the young Mohammad Reza and to tutor him in the footsteps of nobility, to prepare him for his future royal duties to govern all Persia. Reza Shah was less than enthusiastic of the idea but knew that he had to walk a fine line between asserting Persia’s independence and keeping the world’s largest empire from being angered over the slight.

Reza Shah relented and agreed to Foroughi instructing the Foreign Ministry to put out feelers to gauge the response from the British Legation to the request. Sir Percy Loraine was taken by surprise by the request when he met with the Foreign Minister and agreed to discuss the matter with Nicolson and London. Discussions in London were also one of surprise but there was an eagerness to start afresh with the new Shah of Persia, a place of strategic importance to the Empire. There was hope that a rapprochement could be reached with Reza Khan by facilitating a request and should that fail, a good early impression on the Crown Prince could pay long-term dividends.

The Foreign Office instructed Sir Loraine to facilitate the request and he duly sat to discuss the matter with Nicolson on the possibility of his wife becoming a member of the Pahlavi Court in the capacity of Governess to the Crown Prince, Mohammad Reza. Nicolson was cold to the idea of his wife being left alone in the Persian Court while he was working at the British Legation. Nicolson had a poor opinion of Persia and especially the newly crowned Reza Khan, whom he had referred to as a bullet-headed man with the voice of an asthmatic child. Further discussions took place with the Foreign Ministry about how best to accommodate the unusual request and it was agreed that Nicolson would be appointed as Court Liaison between the court of Reza Shah and the British Legation. He would therefore act as direct conduit between Reza Shah and the incoming British Ambassador, Sir Robert Clive. In reality, the role was a mere formality and no real interaction ever took place between Nicolson and Reza Shah directly, who preferred to conduct diplomatic affairs via the Foreign Ministry.

Nicolson and his wife, Lady Nicolson were thus given comfortable quarters in Mohammad Reza’s new palace located within Reza Shah’s own compound and Nicolson given a small office with a small staff to aid in translation and clerical work. Lady Nicolson found Mohammad Reza to be a headstrong and stubborn child, much in keeping with his father, the Shah. She recorded in her diary that she felt the Crown Prince had lacked a woman’s touch in his rearing and that it was her duty to provide that for him especially as it had been so absent throughout his life. Her children, Benedict and Nigel who were 12 and 10 at the time would often play with Mohammad Reza when they were not at lessons and the Crown Prince would develop an affection for the elder boys with whom he saw as his fellow adventurers in what was often a dreary life behind the palace walls.

Lady Nicolson ensured the Crown Princes’ royal education, while the rest was provided by the Shah’s distant relative, Amir Akram Pahlavan. This included a military style education, at the insistence of the Shah, who wanted Mohammad Reza to have a “manly education”, to balance the influence of Lady Nicolson to whom he was concerned would allow the Crown Prince to live a life “up a woman’s skirt” and become effeminate. Lady Nicolson’s passion for gardening led to the Crown Prince taking a distinct interest in the Royal Gardens. During their regular outings, there would often be lessons in horticulture and confused royal gardeners would answer horticultural questions from a curious future Shah as he grew older. The time Mohammad Reza spent with Lady Nicolson would prove a welcome release valve to the rigid and absolute discipline of his royal and military education. Lady Nicolson and her family left the Royal Court in 1930 after the Shah requested the family’s stay be extended, a request the British Ambassador Sir Robert Clive was only too happy to acquiesce to.

Mohammad Reza’s personality began to develop greatly during Lady Nicolson’s governorship. He was clear thinking and assertive in his speaking and on more than one occasion even challenge his father, the Shah on topics of great importance to the child with great eloquence. The Shah, although a stern man took great pride in his son’s courage, a courage he felt would stand him in good stead when his time came to take on the title of Shahen shah and take on the mantle of being the second member of the Pahlavi dynasty. After Lady Nicolson, the Shah held a belief that the foreign influence had been of benefit to his heir and he would take steps to ensure a new governess was appointed to continue the work Lady Nicolson had started.
 
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Chapter 2: A Grand Tour
Chapter 2: A Grand Tour
In 1931, Mohammad Reza was sent by his father to attend school in neutral Switzerland – specifically to avoid the Crown Prince getting caught up in the Great Game between the great colonial powers. Mohammad Reza was sent to Ecole Nouvelle to begin classes in mastering the French language, seen by the elite as a mark of distinction and status in a society obsessed with nobility and class. His year learning French was supplemented by additional classes in Farsi by his retinue deemed important by the Shah to ensure his royal education was not forgotten as it would be essential for his future rule as successor. Reza Shah ordered the Crown Prince write a letter to him weekly which was assessed by the Court’s linguistic experts to rate his formal language abilities to ensure he was able to speak with an eloquence that he had never been able to master.

When Crown Prince arrived in Lausanne to begin his studies, he already had a strong command of the English language, having started at a young age with his first Governess, the Lady Nicolson. He continued to speak English with his Governesses throughout the remainder of his time at the Persian Court which amused his father the Shah that his son would speak the language he had no grasp of and for which he had disdain for. The Shah encouraged his son to continue learning the language because although French was the language of diplomacy and the elite, English was the language of commerce and the British Empire. Knowing the language was necessary if his successor was to navigate the labyrinthine world of great game politics in his own reign. Later discussions, during Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s reign considered whether this early exposure to English through Lady Nicolson and the early memories cultivated a more Anglophile attitude within him.

The Crown Prince’s first year was characterised as one of gentle easing into and preparation for a western education and contact with other students was limited initially. His second year saw him begin mainstream classes with the rest of the students and despite his royal status, the school were instructed to afford the future shah with no special considerations, a continuation of the policy set by the Shah when the Crown Prince was taught in Tehran. School records showed the Crown Prince to be an astute learner and strong academically as well as in sports. He also began participating in the school newspaper, showing particular prowess in discussing classical thought and literature. His writings displayed a certain frivolity and care-free side to the Crown Prince outside the pressures of the Persian Royal Court.

Yet, football (soccer) held a special place in the Crown Princes’ time at the school – his love of the game helped him develop a strong team spirit and resulted in the foundation of many strong friendships with his team mates. Many of his team mates were members of the nobility or upper echelons of society from Britain, France, Germany and the United States. As the years in Switzerland progressed, his discussions with his classmates advanced from frivolous topics to more philosophical ones. His time in Switzerland was against a backdrop of the returning spectre of conflict, as Hitler gained power in Germany and led the country into a new-found ascendancy away from the failure of the Weimar Republic. In his later memoirs, the Crown Prince recalled one discussion he had with his classmates discussing whether Nazi Germany showed a third way for smaller, weaker nations to break free from the vestiges of colonialism. The Crown Prince posited that the role of statesmen was to deliver peace and prosperity for a country, but that this peace did not occur in a vacuum. It would be a poor statesman to forget Newton’s Third Law of Motion that for every action, creates an equal and opposite reaction applied to realpolitik as well as in physics.

During the summer of 1935, the Crown Prince attended a ball with the Persian Ambassador to Switzerland and during the event, the British Ambassador at the time, Sir George Warner had a brief conversation with him about his studies. His telegram to Whitehall about the conversation indicated that the Crown Prince displayed a sharp intellect and eloquence in speaking. His eloquence flowed in French and English and he spoke highly of his early years with Lady Nicolson. Sir George posited whether this fondness left the door open to a more productive and less confrontational future relationship than the one had with his father, the Shah. The telegram set off discussions in the Foreign Office on how best to proceed in cultivating this potential opening and the longer term considerations about the British presence in Persia, now referred to Iran.

In 1936, the Shah recalled his son back to Tehran to begin his apprenticeship in the affairs of state signalling the end of the Crown Princes’ grand tour of Europe. In many ways, the Crown Prince was glad to return to Iran and take his first steps in his future role as counsellor to his father in the affairs of state and taking on a greater role in shaping the development of Iran’s future path.
 
What about Reza's twin sister Ashraf? It's said she was the real hard case of the two. I've heard that she met with Stalin - and afterwards, he told his aides "Never let that woman in here again!"
 
What about Reza's twin sister Ashraf? It's said she was the real hard case of the two. I've heard that she met with Stalin - and afterwards, he told his aides "Never let that woman in here again!"

From what I have read (so far...) about Ashraf, she was in many ways seen as the bastard stepchild in her early years and it was always Princess Shams, the elder half-sister that was spoiled rotten. I may introduce Ashraf and Shams later on in the story, mainly to explore the way they would behave and interact with the Shah in this alternative TL.

My thinking at the moment is for the Crown Prince to be able to effect change from within and to temper some of Reza Shah's worst instincts and to address some of the structural weaknesses within the country. The basis for this being a greater degree of confidence Reza Shah had in his successor than he is rumoured to have OTL and thus giving him greater responsibility as the Vali-Ahad (Crown Prince).

I am curious to think as to how the attempted coup of Nov 1936 by a number of Army Officers, sponsored (allegedly) by the Soviet Union would have. OTL, not a great deal changed because Reza Shah hated the British as much as he hated the Soviets and Communism. In this TL, could there be basis for some limited overture to the British in return for ending Soviet influence in the North. If so, what options would be available and how could they do it?
 
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