Major General
Smedley Darlington Butler (July 30, 1881 – June 21, 1940), was a senior United States Marine Corps officer and politician who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1940.
Born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, Butler came from a distinguished military family and began his career in the Marines in 1898 during the Spanish-American War. Over his 34-year military career, he served in numerous conflicts and operations, including the Philippines, China, Central America, and France during World War I. Butler had been awarded a total of sixteen medals, with five specifically for acts of heroism. Notably, he holds the distinction of being the sole Marine to have received the Brevet Medal along with two Medals of Honor, each for distinct acts of bravery. By the time of Butler's retirement from the military, he had become the most decorated Marine officer in US history.
Butler was drafted by the Republican Party to compete in the 1932 presidential election, which saw the landslide defeat of incumbent Democratic President William Gibbs McAdoo. In his first 100 days as President, he implemented an ambitious economic program known as the Fair Deal, aiming to provide relief for the unemployed and strive for economic recovery. He also implemented significant regulatory changes concerning finance, communications, and labor, and oversaw the repeal of Prohibition. In terms of foreign policy, he maintained an isolationist outlook, based on his well-known campaign promise that "not a single American boy will have to die for the racket named war." He was re-elected for a second term in 1936; his failed attempt to pack the Supreme Court the following year led to the formation of the Conservative coalition in Congress. Having decided not to run for another term in 1940, Butler died in office the same year and was succeeded by Vice-President George W. Norris.
Scholars have ranked Butler as an above average president. His economic policies received much praise for successfully pulling the United States out of the Great Depression. Butler also privately held negative views on war, American imperialism and big business, which were only revealed at full extent following the posthumous publication of his unfinished book War is a Racket. However, his administration has faced considerable criticism for certain actions, such as rejecting Jewish immigrants from Germany and Italy, and showing appeasement towards the Japanese invasion of China. Some critics also contend that the administration's significant cut in defense spending contributed to America's unpreparedness for the Second World War.