abc123
Banned
Indeed. Also, with population larger from metropolitan Portugal, Nova Lusitania will no longer need protection from Portugal, so yes, they could break away pretty early...
Portuguese Southern Africa - a TL
- Thread starter Viriato
- Start date
Indeed. Also, with population larger from metropolitan Portugal, Nova Lusitania will no longer need protection from Portugal, so yes, they could break away pretty early...
A bit more substance. The American colonies decided to rebel when Britain's fortunes were at an apex.
I'm sure spices and gold are funding this war, but how long can that last? Seriously, I don't know.
Addendum: NL's larger population and greater wealth than Portugal, in gold and sugar, in 'free' land and in its route to Asia, would probably start to create resentment against their little cousins in the motherland. Add in liberal ideas over the next fifty years or so, and you have a recipe for nationalist feeling.
I'm sure spices and gold are funding this war, but how long can that last? Seriously, I don't know.
Addendum: NL's larger population and greater wealth than Portugal, in gold and sugar, in 'free' land and in its route to Asia, would probably start to create resentment against their little cousins in the motherland. Add in liberal ideas over the next fifty years or so, and you have a recipe for nationalist feeling.
I do plan a breakaway not just yet though. One has to remember that there were differences between the Portuguese Empires and the British and Spanish Empires. Firstly the Portuguese rulers seemed to appreciate the fact that the motherland was resource poor and needed its colonies, allowing for a much freer inter-colonial trade than their British (pre-1800) and especially Spanish counterparts. In addition in OTL there was no distinction between colonial subjects and metropolitan ones. Meaning that Brazilians (Angolans and Goans too) were given important positions in Brazil, the empire and even Portugal itself, becoming judges, governors and filling other high offices. The theory was that they saw the empire as a whole, and officials saw Brazil as one part of a larger empire.
That is not to say that rebellions did not occur. The most notable rebellion in Brazil in OTL was the Inconfidência Mineira in Minas Gerais in 1789, but this was a result of declining gold production in the region that resulted in raising taxes to cover declining revenues to the crown, also it was inspired by the American and French revolutions. In this TL the gold of present-day South Africa has not yet been discovered (only Zimbabwe's), and it is much more abundant that of Brazil's. Keep in mind that people usually rebel during times of economic crisis', during times of prosperity they are generally content with the status quo.
Comparing the Portuguese settler colonies to the British in North America is also comparing two completely different societies. Firstly in the British colonies the settlers were by and large literate, enjoying one of the highest literacy rates in the world, and having a large number of published newspapers and universities, therefore they were more aware of the outside world. In Portugal and its empire this was not the case until perhaps after WW2. Until the University of Lisbon was opened in 1911 there was only one university in the entire Portuguese-speaking world, Coimbra. In 1920 when the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro opened, Brazil finally had a university (granted the military and engineering school dates to 1792). Needless to say neither Portugal nor Brazil were societies of philosophers or great thinkers.
Also in contrast to British North America is the lack of a history parliamentary or participatory institutions of government. The British settlers came from a background that was accustomed to a degree of representation in parliament and local assemblies. In Brazil this was never the case, and I can't imagine it being so in Nova Lusitania. What little representation that did occur was at a local level, creating a very parochial outlook amongst the upper classes only concerned with their vested interests in a region (enslavement of Indians, expulsion of the Jesuits, etc).
What did exist throughout the Portuguese empire was municipal councils called "Senados de Câmara" in each municipality (in Brazil often very large areas). Here "homens bons" literally good men, usually local large landowners, members of the clergy and merchants sat in a city council to preside over matters of local importance. Unlike the cabildos in Spanish America, the senados had a large degree of independent power, especially in remote areas, but again their outlook was very provincial. Larger municipalities sent representatives to the court at Lisbon, to lobby for their interests. It was the senados in the South of Brazil that persuaded the crown to eventually expel the Jesuits.
Also, the senados gave locals in Brazil a degreee of social mobility, for instance in 1740 King João V had been persuaded to order that the names of prominent merchants be included on the electoral roles of one Council, this was followed by the Marquis de Pombal's encouragement of the local business communities to become aldermen.
When a split does occur it is going to be Portugal itself breaking away from the empire as in OTL. I imagine the local bourgeois class in Portugal resenting the competition of wine, olive oil and wool from Nova Lusitania. Also, there will be the crown and the nobility (due to the empire being a source of revenue in governorships and military commands) that is generally suspicious of merchants and lawyers of Lisbon and Porto and thereby supports the colonials. Remember in OTL it was a revolution in Portugal in 1820 that many historians say was Portugal proclaiming its independence from Brazil that caused the split.
Peace Negotiations Begin
With the situation for Louis XIV going badly, he decided to make his first peace proposals through the Marquis d'Alegre in 1706. These consisted of the following:
1. His grandson inheriting Spain and its colonies along with Milan
2. Archduke Charles getting Bavaria
3. Elector Maximilian Emanuel becoming King of the Sicilies
4. France keeping the fortresses on the Rhine
5. The United Provinces receiving the barrier and the Spanish Guelders and Limburg
6. The Duke of Lorraine the rest of the Spanish Netherlands
The allies rejected these proposals, however with the occupation of Castile becoming increasingly expensive and hostile, the Franco-Spanish forces were able to reoccupy Madrid and Toledo. To counter this, an Anglo-Portuguese force had occupied Toulon on the Mediterranean and Austrian and Savoyard troops from Italy were in Dauphiné.
The Portuguese and Dutch agreed for peace negotiations and they felt they'd largely achieved their aims, and they convinced Savoy and Austria to join therefore they began pressing the English to acquiesce to peace. The Whigs in the House of Commons wanted to go further against the French, but once the Portuguese threatened to withdraw their troops from Spain, Queen Anne joined those in wishing for a settlement. For both the Portuguese and Dutch, France and Germany were important market for their colonial goods and they wished for peace to resume, so that trade could resume.
Therefore after the lengthy negotiations, the following was agreed to in May 1707. The following stipulations of the peace were agreed upon:
1. The Duke of Anjou, is confirmed as King Felipe V of Castile, and Spanish Navarre and Granada. He may call himself King of Spain. The Spanish colonies will remain in his possession. However, all other French princes must forfeit any rights to the crown of Castile. The king also loses the right to the Order of the Golden Fleece as it is exclusively held by the Habsburgs and therefore by the Holy Roman Emperor.
2. Archduke Charles is granted the former Lands of the Crown of Aragón including Sicily, Naples, Mallorca, Valencia, Sardinia, Menorca etc. In addition the County of Roussillon is also returned to the new crown lands. He assumes the title of Charles III.
2. Portugal is to receive all land east of the Paraguay and Paraná Rivers in South America and north of the Salado River, including Buenos Aires. Also, the border between French Guiana and Maranhão is at the Oyapock River. In Europe Portugal is to receive the Kingdom of Galicia along with Alcántara, Valencia de Alcántara, Albuquerque and Badajoz in Extremadura. In Morocco, Ceuta is returned to Portugal as well. Portugal forfeits the rights of the Asiento.
3. The new Kingdom of Great Britain would receive Gibraltar and Newfoundland, whilst allowing for French fishing rights in Newfoundland waters. France would retain Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, but could not build any fortifications there. Also, the borders between Acadia and New England would be settled. France also ceded the island of Saint Christopher (St. Kitts) to Great Britain. In addition, Great Britain is given the valuable Asiento for fifty years.
4. Austria would receive small concessions on the Rhine, along with the rest of the Spanish Netherlands. This was mainly due to England's insistence that the region pass to a non-maritime power.
4. The United Provinces receives the barrier forts and the formerly Spanish portions of Guelders and Limburg. This was due mainly in part to cooperation between Portugal and Spain where they backed one another's territorial claims.
5. The Duchy of Savoy would receive the Duchies of Milan and Mantua.
6. The Electors of Bavaria and Cologne were reinstated to their antebellum status quo.
7. France received small border concessions along the Rhine and in the Spanish Netherlands and along the border with Savoy. However, it was able to keep Acadia and fishing rights in Newfoundland. Also, France would be granted special trading privileges in Spanish America.
The kingdom of Portugal had achieved its goals and now added 1.2 million inhabitants to its kingdom in Europe, now containing a population 3.3 million inhabitants. The Kingdom of Spain was reduced to just under 6 million inhabitants. The crown of Aragon now had 8.5 million inhabitants (6 million in Naples, Sicily and Sardinia). The United Provinces also added inhabitants and now had a population of 2.1 million. The Dukes of Savoy now ruled nearly 5 million inhabitants in their domains.
With the situation for Louis XIV going badly, he decided to make his first peace proposals through the Marquis d'Alegre in 1706. These consisted of the following:
1. His grandson inheriting Spain and its colonies along with Milan
2. Archduke Charles getting Bavaria
3. Elector Maximilian Emanuel becoming King of the Sicilies
4. France keeping the fortresses on the Rhine
5. The United Provinces receiving the barrier and the Spanish Guelders and Limburg
6. The Duke of Lorraine the rest of the Spanish Netherlands
The allies rejected these proposals, however with the occupation of Castile becoming increasingly expensive and hostile, the Franco-Spanish forces were able to reoccupy Madrid and Toledo. To counter this, an Anglo-Portuguese force had occupied Toulon on the Mediterranean and Austrian and Savoyard troops from Italy were in Dauphiné.
The Portuguese and Dutch agreed for peace negotiations and they felt they'd largely achieved their aims, and they convinced Savoy and Austria to join therefore they began pressing the English to acquiesce to peace. The Whigs in the House of Commons wanted to go further against the French, but once the Portuguese threatened to withdraw their troops from Spain, Queen Anne joined those in wishing for a settlement. For both the Portuguese and Dutch, France and Germany were important market for their colonial goods and they wished for peace to resume, so that trade could resume.
Therefore after the lengthy negotiations, the following was agreed to in May 1707. The following stipulations of the peace were agreed upon:
1. The Duke of Anjou, is confirmed as King Felipe V of Castile, and Spanish Navarre and Granada. He may call himself King of Spain. The Spanish colonies will remain in his possession. However, all other French princes must forfeit any rights to the crown of Castile. The king also loses the right to the Order of the Golden Fleece as it is exclusively held by the Habsburgs and therefore by the Holy Roman Emperor.
2. Archduke Charles is granted the former Lands of the Crown of Aragón including Sicily, Naples, Mallorca, Valencia, Sardinia, Menorca etc. In addition the County of Roussillon is also returned to the new crown lands. He assumes the title of Charles III.
2. Portugal is to receive all land east of the Paraguay and Paraná Rivers in South America and north of the Salado River, including Buenos Aires. Also, the border between French Guiana and Maranhão is at the Oyapock River. In Europe Portugal is to receive the Kingdom of Galicia along with Alcántara, Valencia de Alcántara, Albuquerque and Badajoz in Extremadura. In Morocco, Ceuta is returned to Portugal as well. Portugal forfeits the rights of the Asiento.
3. The new Kingdom of Great Britain would receive Gibraltar and Newfoundland, whilst allowing for French fishing rights in Newfoundland waters. France would retain Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, but could not build any fortifications there. Also, the borders between Acadia and New England would be settled. France also ceded the island of Saint Christopher (St. Kitts) to Great Britain. In addition, Great Britain is given the valuable Asiento for fifty years.
4. Austria would receive small concessions on the Rhine, along with the rest of the Spanish Netherlands. This was mainly due to England's insistence that the region pass to a non-maritime power.
4. The United Provinces receives the barrier forts and the formerly Spanish portions of Guelders and Limburg. This was due mainly in part to cooperation between Portugal and Spain where they backed one another's territorial claims.
5. The Duchy of Savoy would receive the Duchies of Milan and Mantua.
6. The Electors of Bavaria and Cologne were reinstated to their antebellum status quo.
7. France received small border concessions along the Rhine and in the Spanish Netherlands and along the border with Savoy. However, it was able to keep Acadia and fishing rights in Newfoundland. Also, France would be granted special trading privileges in Spanish America.
The kingdom of Portugal had achieved its goals and now added 1.2 million inhabitants to its kingdom in Europe, now containing a population 3.3 million inhabitants. The Kingdom of Spain was reduced to just under 6 million inhabitants. The crown of Aragon now had 8.5 million inhabitants (6 million in Naples, Sicily and Sardinia). The United Provinces also added inhabitants and now had a population of 2.1 million. The Dukes of Savoy now ruled nearly 5 million inhabitants in their domains.
Last edited:
You're correct, I fixed it. Yes the remaining Kingdom of Spain will keep the rest of its colonies.
Great Northern War Escalates
No sooner had the War of Spanish Succession ended in May 1707, when the ageing Louis XIV decided to involve France in another conflict. His first call of order was to build more alliances in Europe. Firstly he along with the Elector of Bavaria Maximilian Joseph began to supply aid to rebels in Hungary led by Prince Francis (Ferenc) Rákóczki II. Much of the aid was financial and began to be funneled through the Ottoman Empire.
Further north Louis began to send financial aid to another traditional French ally, Sweden's King Charles XII. Russia and Sweden had been at war for seven years now, and the Swedish army desperately needed artillery and horses. Louis began to funnel these through Prussia, another country he was attempting to court an alliance with. France organized an agreement whereby Prussia would get Swedish Pomerania in return for providing troops. By that time Sweden had already won a great victory by ousting Augustus II of Saxony as King of Poland and replacing him with their canadidate, Stanisław Leszczyński in 1706.
By 1707, Tsar Peter I of Russia had proposed to relinquish Ingria to Sweden except the fortress at St. Petersburg. However, with his new allies, Charles XII launched an attack on the Russians in August 1708 and reinforced by Prussian troops was able to capture the fortress at Kronstadt. In addition the Cossack Hetmanate decided to rebel against the Russians and intended to establish an independent state. To make matters worse the Ottoman Empire, encouraged by France declared war on Russia in September 1708. Peter was now fighting on two separate fronts.
Entering into an alliance with the Russians, the Habsurgs declared war on the Ottomans in January 1709, due to their assistance of the Hungarian rebels. By 1710 both France, Prussia, Sweden Bavaria had joined the war against he Habsburgs as well that same year. The conflict was escalating rapidly, meanwhile Great Britain and Hanover, the United Provinces, Denmark, and Savoy remained on the sidelines, but not for long.
No sooner had the War of Spanish Succession ended in May 1707, when the ageing Louis XIV decided to involve France in another conflict. His first call of order was to build more alliances in Europe. Firstly he along with the Elector of Bavaria Maximilian Joseph began to supply aid to rebels in Hungary led by Prince Francis (Ferenc) Rákóczki II. Much of the aid was financial and began to be funneled through the Ottoman Empire.
Further north Louis began to send financial aid to another traditional French ally, Sweden's King Charles XII. Russia and Sweden had been at war for seven years now, and the Swedish army desperately needed artillery and horses. Louis began to funnel these through Prussia, another country he was attempting to court an alliance with. France organized an agreement whereby Prussia would get Swedish Pomerania in return for providing troops. By that time Sweden had already won a great victory by ousting Augustus II of Saxony as King of Poland and replacing him with their canadidate, Stanisław Leszczyński in 1706.
By 1707, Tsar Peter I of Russia had proposed to relinquish Ingria to Sweden except the fortress at St. Petersburg. However, with his new allies, Charles XII launched an attack on the Russians in August 1708 and reinforced by Prussian troops was able to capture the fortress at Kronstadt. In addition the Cossack Hetmanate decided to rebel against the Russians and intended to establish an independent state. To make matters worse the Ottoman Empire, encouraged by France declared war on Russia in September 1708. Peter was now fighting on two separate fronts.
Entering into an alliance with the Russians, the Habsurgs declared war on the Ottomans in January 1709, due to their assistance of the Hungarian rebels. By 1710 both France, Prussia, Sweden Bavaria had joined the war against he Habsburgs as well that same year. The conflict was escalating rapidly, meanwhile Great Britain and Hanover, the United Provinces, Denmark, and Savoy remained on the sidelines, but not for long.
Northern War Continues
By May 1710 France had overrun the poorly defended Austrian Netherlands and began taking the border fortresses and launching a preemptive strike at the United Provinces with an army of over 110,000 men, quickly overrunning the the newly won Dutch conquests. The Prussians overran much of Silesia while the Bavarians struck at Bohemia, however Prince Eugene of Savoy was able to halt the Bavarians before they entered Prague. Supported by the local nobility, the Hungarian rebels had overrun much of Hungary and Croatia with the support of arms by the Ottomans and Poland.
With the invasion of the Austrian Netherlands by the French, Great Britain joined the war against the French, sending English troops to defend the United Provinces. The Whigs, now majority in the Commons and Lords had been against the previous peace agreement, and were eager to resume the war with France. Sweden and France both now openly began to support the Jacobite Pretender.
In April 1711, the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I died with no male heirs and his younger brother, King Carlos III of Aragon inherited the Habsburg lands. This drew the Crown of Aragon into the war, and made it vulnerable to attacks by both France and the Ottoman Empire. The Royal Navy sailed to the Mediterranean to prevent invasions of Sicily or Sardinia by sea, and to land troops in Barcelona in November to protect Aragon from the French. The British attempted to persuade the Portuguese to join the war, however for the time being Portugal was embroiled in assisting their allies in Persia against the invasions from Afghanistan along with the chaos in India caused by the decline of the Mughal Empire and their wars with the Maratha Empire.
In 1712, Saxony led by Elector Frederick Augustus I, the deposed King of Poland joined the war on the side of the Habsburgs as he attempted to reclaim his throne, providing much needed relief for the Habsburgs. Portugal meanwhile remained on the defensive anticipating a Spanish entry into the war. After the last war, Spain had been rebuilding its navy, with a formidable force already constructed, the Portuguese did too began to build more ships of the line to now protect themselves against the possibility of a Spanish invasion.
By May 1710 France had overrun the poorly defended Austrian Netherlands and began taking the border fortresses and launching a preemptive strike at the United Provinces with an army of over 110,000 men, quickly overrunning the the newly won Dutch conquests. The Prussians overran much of Silesia while the Bavarians struck at Bohemia, however Prince Eugene of Savoy was able to halt the Bavarians before they entered Prague. Supported by the local nobility, the Hungarian rebels had overrun much of Hungary and Croatia with the support of arms by the Ottomans and Poland.
With the invasion of the Austrian Netherlands by the French, Great Britain joined the war against the French, sending English troops to defend the United Provinces. The Whigs, now majority in the Commons and Lords had been against the previous peace agreement, and were eager to resume the war with France. Sweden and France both now openly began to support the Jacobite Pretender.
In April 1711, the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I died with no male heirs and his younger brother, King Carlos III of Aragon inherited the Habsburg lands. This drew the Crown of Aragon into the war, and made it vulnerable to attacks by both France and the Ottoman Empire. The Royal Navy sailed to the Mediterranean to prevent invasions of Sicily or Sardinia by sea, and to land troops in Barcelona in November to protect Aragon from the French. The British attempted to persuade the Portuguese to join the war, however for the time being Portugal was embroiled in assisting their allies in Persia against the invasions from Afghanistan along with the chaos in India caused by the decline of the Mughal Empire and their wars with the Maratha Empire.
In 1712, Saxony led by Elector Frederick Augustus I, the deposed King of Poland joined the war on the side of the Habsburgs as he attempted to reclaim his throne, providing much needed relief for the Habsburgs. Portugal meanwhile remained on the defensive anticipating a Spanish entry into the war. After the last war, Spain had been rebuilding its navy, with a formidable force already constructed, the Portuguese did too began to build more ships of the line to now protect themselves against the possibility of a Spanish invasion.
Throughout 1713 and 1714 the war dragged on throughout Europe. In Aragon, Aragonese and British troops helped hold the French back, but made little headway into southern France. Spain, though still neutral, was becoming stronger as its system of government was reformed by its new Bourbon rulers. Meanwhile the Spanish Army was reorganized and navy was brought up strength, however the Kingdom was in no position to enter a war.
The Bavarians had managed to occupy Bohemia in 1713 and Saxony had been completely overrun by Prussian troops, with its elector Augustus surrendering to the Prussians and Swedes. He was given compensation in the form of Hungary. An agreement was made with the Hungarian rebels where they elected Augustus, King of Hungary and Croatia.
Meanwhile in North America the French and their Indian allies ravaged the poorly defended frontier of New York and New England as they had done in the previous war. Inter-colonial rivalries coupled with meager spending on defence by colonial governments caused the British colonies to rely on the mother country for defence. However, in 1713 Port Royal in Acadia had been captured by a British expeditionary force. A British fleet headed for Québec, however was destroyed by a storm.
The French coast was largely blockaded by British and Dutch ships, but on land the French had taken complete control of Flanders and they resisted a British raid by sea. In Germany, French and Prussian troops had overrun most of the Electorate of Hanover by 1714. That year however, Denmark entered the war on the allied side and was able to take over much of Swedish Pomerania from the Prussians.
On the Ottoman front, the Ottomans and Russia were able to conclude a peace agreement in December 1713, relieving the pressure on the Russian Empire from the south. The following year, Charles VII of Sweden withdrew from Russia and concluded a peace treaty with the Russians and abandoning the Cossack Hetmanate to Russia, and recognizing Stanislaw I as King of Poland. Tsar Peter had been an ally of deposed King Augustus, but he had agreed to become King of Hungary, to Peter's satisfaction.
However, in 1714, the Ottomans entered into a war with the Republic of Venice, quickly retaking Morea, an area they had lost in 1699. This in turn led Savoy to join the French and Ottomans. The much larger Savoyard army easily conquered the Venetian Republic and Trieste from Austria, the Doge fled and the British occupied the Ionian Islands. The Hungarian rebels, now in control of most of Hungary were able to seize Dalmatia from the Venetians. The Savoyards now invaded Tyrol, and by January 1715 they had encircled Vienna with the Prussians, French and Bavarians.
After peace with Russia, Charles VII returned to Sweden and his attention turned to conquering Norway. A peasant revolt against taxation for the war in Norway greatly aided his cause and in July 1714 he had entered Christiania (Oslo). Sweden was now the undisputed master of the Baltic.
With Habsburg troops relegated to Aragon's lands and Vienna encircled, the Emperor sued for peace 1715. The Prussians and French could now turn their attention to the United Provinces and Denmark. These two countries also entered into negotiations to end the war in 1715. Meanwhile in Great Britain, the accession of the Elector of Hanover as King George I led to Jacobite uprisings throughout Britain. Without allies, Britain too entered into peace negotiations.
The Bavarians had managed to occupy Bohemia in 1713 and Saxony had been completely overrun by Prussian troops, with its elector Augustus surrendering to the Prussians and Swedes. He was given compensation in the form of Hungary. An agreement was made with the Hungarian rebels where they elected Augustus, King of Hungary and Croatia.
Meanwhile in North America the French and their Indian allies ravaged the poorly defended frontier of New York and New England as they had done in the previous war. Inter-colonial rivalries coupled with meager spending on defence by colonial governments caused the British colonies to rely on the mother country for defence. However, in 1713 Port Royal in Acadia had been captured by a British expeditionary force. A British fleet headed for Québec, however was destroyed by a storm.
The French coast was largely blockaded by British and Dutch ships, but on land the French had taken complete control of Flanders and they resisted a British raid by sea. In Germany, French and Prussian troops had overrun most of the Electorate of Hanover by 1714. That year however, Denmark entered the war on the allied side and was able to take over much of Swedish Pomerania from the Prussians.
On the Ottoman front, the Ottomans and Russia were able to conclude a peace agreement in December 1713, relieving the pressure on the Russian Empire from the south. The following year, Charles VII of Sweden withdrew from Russia and concluded a peace treaty with the Russians and abandoning the Cossack Hetmanate to Russia, and recognizing Stanislaw I as King of Poland. Tsar Peter had been an ally of deposed King Augustus, but he had agreed to become King of Hungary, to Peter's satisfaction.
However, in 1714, the Ottomans entered into a war with the Republic of Venice, quickly retaking Morea, an area they had lost in 1699. This in turn led Savoy to join the French and Ottomans. The much larger Savoyard army easily conquered the Venetian Republic and Trieste from Austria, the Doge fled and the British occupied the Ionian Islands. The Hungarian rebels, now in control of most of Hungary were able to seize Dalmatia from the Venetians. The Savoyards now invaded Tyrol, and by January 1715 they had encircled Vienna with the Prussians, French and Bavarians.
After peace with Russia, Charles VII returned to Sweden and his attention turned to conquering Norway. A peasant revolt against taxation for the war in Norway greatly aided his cause and in July 1714 he had entered Christiania (Oslo). Sweden was now the undisputed master of the Baltic.
With Habsburg troops relegated to Aragon's lands and Vienna encircled, the Emperor sued for peace 1715. The Prussians and French could now turn their attention to the United Provinces and Denmark. These two countries also entered into negotiations to end the war in 1715. Meanwhile in Great Britain, the accession of the Elector of Hanover as King George I led to Jacobite uprisings throughout Britain. Without allies, Britain too entered into peace negotiations.
Peace Settlement 1716
1. France was to receive the former Spanish Netherlands including the areas ceded to the United Provinces in 1707. Upper Guelders was partitioned between the Prussia and the Elector of the Palatinate.
2. Prussia would assume control of the Electorate of Saxony along with Silesia from Austria. It relinquished claims to Swedish Pomerania.
3. The Elector of Bavaria took control of the Kingdom of Bohemia, assuming the title of King of Bohemia.
4. The Electorate of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunswick borders returned to their antebellum status quo.
5. The Republic of Venice and Trieste passed to the House of Savoy. In addition the Kingdom of Sardinia passed from Aragon to Savoy.
6. Great Britain assumed control of the Ionian Islands from the former Republic of Venice.
7. Sweden retook Swedish Pomerania and its other possessions on the Baltic were confirmed. Sweden would assume control of the Kingdom of Norway.
8. The Kingdom of Hungary was recognized as an independent state under King Frederick Augustus, the former elector of Hanover and King of Poland.
9. The Ottoman Empire assumed control of Dalmatia from the Republic of Venice.
10. Should Charles VI have no male heirs it was decided that the Habsburg lands in Austria would pass first to his deceased elder brothers' daughters before his. Firstly to Archduchess Maria Josepha. Second-in-line would be his daughter Archduchess Maria Amalia. Should Charles VI produce only a daughter, she would be third-in-line for the throne of Austria, however she would be first-in-line for the throne of Aragon.
1. France was to receive the former Spanish Netherlands including the areas ceded to the United Provinces in 1707. Upper Guelders was partitioned between the Prussia and the Elector of the Palatinate.
2. Prussia would assume control of the Electorate of Saxony along with Silesia from Austria. It relinquished claims to Swedish Pomerania.
3. The Elector of Bavaria took control of the Kingdom of Bohemia, assuming the title of King of Bohemia.
4. The Electorate of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunswick borders returned to their antebellum status quo.
5. The Republic of Venice and Trieste passed to the House of Savoy. In addition the Kingdom of Sardinia passed from Aragon to Savoy.
6. Great Britain assumed control of the Ionian Islands from the former Republic of Venice.
7. Sweden retook Swedish Pomerania and its other possessions on the Baltic were confirmed. Sweden would assume control of the Kingdom of Norway.
8. The Kingdom of Hungary was recognized as an independent state under King Frederick Augustus, the former elector of Hanover and King of Poland.
9. The Ottoman Empire assumed control of Dalmatia from the Republic of Venice.
10. Should Charles VI have no male heirs it was decided that the Habsburg lands in Austria would pass first to his deceased elder brothers' daughters before his. Firstly to Archduchess Maria Josepha. Second-in-line would be his daughter Archduchess Maria Amalia. Should Charles VI produce only a daughter, she would be third-in-line for the throne of Austria, however she would be first-in-line for the throne of Aragon.
Sweden and the Ottomans
The Ottoman occupation of Dalmatia had led to an uprising by much of the local population. In addition, there had been unrest in Montenegro by 1715. In 1717 the Pope organized a Holy League to combat this Ottoman threat. Wanting to curry favour with the Pope, and enriched by Brazilian gold, King João V of Portugal eagerly accepted. Spain soon joined as well, in addition, the Order of Malta and finally the Kingdom of Hungary joined.
The Portuguese and Spanish navies soon destroyed what remained of the Ottoman Fleet in a series of battles. In 1718, the Kingdom of Sardinia of the House of Savoy joined the battle against the Ottoman Empire. Its troops reoccupied the former Venetian lands in Dalmatia and the Hungarians were able to annex Banat and Serbia.
Once the Ottoman Fleet no longer posed a threat, the Sardinian troops were convoyed by Spanish and Portuguese fleets in the symbolic reconquest of the island of Cyprus. The Dukes of Savoy had traditionally assumed the title of Kings of Cyprus, and now they held that title. For services to the Catholic Church, the Kings of Portugal would have the title of Rex Fidelissmus, or "Most Faithful Majesty" in 1748.
Further north in Sweden, King Charles XII was unsatisfied with the state of peace in Europe and decided to launch an expedition against Denmark in 1718. This time however, neither the French nor the Prussians were willing to come to his aid. The Swedish king was killed in battle and with Dutch and British help, Norway was returned to Denmark in 1720. This was to the satisfaction of all of the great powers as no one wanted to see a Sweden control the entire Northern Baltic.
The Ottoman occupation of Dalmatia had led to an uprising by much of the local population. In addition, there had been unrest in Montenegro by 1715. In 1717 the Pope organized a Holy League to combat this Ottoman threat. Wanting to curry favour with the Pope, and enriched by Brazilian gold, King João V of Portugal eagerly accepted. Spain soon joined as well, in addition, the Order of Malta and finally the Kingdom of Hungary joined.
The Portuguese and Spanish navies soon destroyed what remained of the Ottoman Fleet in a series of battles. In 1718, the Kingdom of Sardinia of the House of Savoy joined the battle against the Ottoman Empire. Its troops reoccupied the former Venetian lands in Dalmatia and the Hungarians were able to annex Banat and Serbia.
Once the Ottoman Fleet no longer posed a threat, the Sardinian troops were convoyed by Spanish and Portuguese fleets in the symbolic reconquest of the island of Cyprus. The Dukes of Savoy had traditionally assumed the title of Kings of Cyprus, and now they held that title. For services to the Catholic Church, the Kings of Portugal would have the title of Rex Fidelissmus, or "Most Faithful Majesty" in 1748.
Further north in Sweden, King Charles XII was unsatisfied with the state of peace in Europe and decided to launch an expedition against Denmark in 1718. This time however, neither the French nor the Prussians were willing to come to his aid. The Swedish king was killed in battle and with Dutch and British help, Norway was returned to Denmark in 1720. This was to the satisfaction of all of the great powers as no one wanted to see a Sweden control the entire Northern Baltic.
