After the execution the Russian Imperial Family in February 1923 and the death of Lenin in April of that year, the young Soviet Union collapsed completely. Competing Bolshevik cliques, rival political factions, warlords, foreign expeditionary forces, and others all contended for control of the country. The fighting was especially fierce in the national capital, which changed hands six times between 1923-1926. Whenever a new political faction took power in the capital, they inaugurated themselves with a new name change in order to prove they were truly revolutionary (or counter-revolutionary, or whatever), before being drummed out by the next radical faction. In order, the city was held by:The St. Petersburg Shuffle
-the Provisional Russian Emergency Government, under the name Petrograd
-the Bolsheviks (Trotsky's Faction), under the name October City
-the Bolsheviks (Stalin's Faction), under the name Leningrad
-Imperial German expeditionary forces + Tsarist collaborators, under the name Saint Petersburg
-Local anarchists, under the name Mokyagrad
-Stalinists again, but this time with the assistance of the German Empire. As a compromise with the Germans, the Stalinists allowed the Romanov Family to live in the Winter Palace and maintain certain privileges under German protection, but they'd be stripped of their titles and powers. Either way, the city was renamed again to Port Neva or Nevagrad.
This "musical chairs"-style chaos -- which ended with Stalin making an unthinkable compromise with Germany -- was described as "The Saint Petersburg Shuffle." Trotsky himself coined the phrase while living in exile, in order to condemn Stalin as a traitor to the Revolution and a brazen power-monger. However, the phrase caught on more widely to describe the general confusion of the Russian Revolution -- a situation so wild, that it ended with the Kaiser compromising with the Bolsheviks to bring back the Romanovs as Soviet citizens.
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