Actually, “National Bolshevism” is a viable political movement, though in practice it acted more as a fascist splinter group. NBs tend to be very big fans of radical socialism, but they prefer to do it from a nationalist base than a Marxist one. In essence, they do it for the nation rather than the proletariat. IIRC, the Strasser brothers and Joseph Goebbels were big proponents of this movement back in the early days of the Nazi Party, and they were strongly against Hitler’s policy of cozying up to big business. Hitler, never one to forget a slight, disposed of the Strassers in the Night of the Long Knives in 1934. Goebbels stayed due to the fact that he quickly repented his sins after Hitler was released from jail in the 1920s.
As for the question at hand, I think some work would be needed to create something like the Nazis in Russia. The problem is that the conservative classes that served as a base for fascism in Europe were politically inert in Russia. They didn’t really want to do anything but keep trundling along the way they always had. In my opinion, they were mostly sponging off the tsar rather than acting as an independent class. The groups that did act independently, the Socialist Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats (the progenitors of the Bolsheviks), were really more interested in a leftist platform (land redistribution, no serfdom, and maybe a republic) than anything a fascist could sell them.
One idea I had was to have the revolution of 1905 succeed in kicking Nicholas II out, but a weak, vaguely democratic Duma takes over and proceeds to run the country down a well. In essence, I’d be transposing the Yeltsin years to the beginning of the 20th century. After a few years of nonsense, with the state crumbling, the Europeans at the gates, and an incompetent government of thieves, a strapping young Cossack comes striding out of the south, running on populism and pan-Slavism, promising the world and occasionally delivering.
If you want to really have some fun, try coming up with a way to get Baron Ungern-Sternberg in St. Petersburg. It’ll require a lot of butterflies, but if you want a real blood-drinking, Jew-slaying, Buddha-worshipping loony, he’s your man.