Chapter 3: The Other Lucky Prince
Excerpt from Camelot, the Story of the First Tudors by John Joseph Williams:
After what has been variously called the English Civil War, the English Succession War, or the Plantagenet Wars[1], England would enter a period of rebuilding and restoring stability. However, we must consider first the background events that led to the rise of the House of Tudor to the throne of England.
After Richard II, the last of the main line of Plantagenet kings, was deposed, his cousin Henry Bolingbroke took the throne, bypassing Richard's heir presumptive Edmund de Mortimer and Richard himself imprisoned, where he died mysteriously. Now known as Henry IV, he was the first member of the Plantagenet cadet branch of Lancaster. His more famous son Henry V nearly succeeded in conquering France, yet was struck down by illness and died with his nine month old son, Henry VI, on the throne. The Plantagenet Wars would not begin at this stage, yet as England lost to France all of its continental holdings and Henry VI proving to be rather incapable of ruling (some suspect a hereditary link between his mental state and that of his grandfather Charles VI of France), what had started as a question of gaining influence over the king became a question of which of the Plantagenet branches, Lancaster or York, had the right to the throne. Edward IV, the Yorkist champion, won over Henry VI and deposed him, yet the Lancastrians would rally back and put Henry VI again on the throne, though this did not last long. Edward regained the throne, yet ultimately died with his two sons too young. Though his elder son, also named Edward, was king by right of succession, a historical mystery prevented Edward, or his brother Richard, from assuming their position[2]. Their uncle Richard, the Duke of Gloucester, then took the throne as Richard III. Richard III, however, was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field, and thus the Lancastrian side, championed by Henry Tudor, won. However, in a bid to end the civil war, Henry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York. Thus the House of Tudor united the claims of the two Plantagenet branches[3].
Henry VII took steps to ensure the legitimacy of his reign. Though rebellions occurred, he managed to retain his throne and prevent other possible Plantagenet descendants from taking it, though there was a certain paranoia by Henry himself about the supposed pretenders. Other than restoring the political stability lost during the previous wars, Henry also rebuilt the royal treasury, emptied by the Woodville family (to which Edward IV's wife Elizabeth belonged) , through a brutally efficient taxation system. His chancellor Archbishop John Morton, thus became known for a method to get nobles to pay extra taxes: if they lived in luxury, then they had enough to spare for the king's levied tax; otherwise, if they lived frugally, then they must have been hoarding money, and thus would need to pay the taxes they owed to the king. To this day the expression "Morton's fork" refers to a situation wherein an individual is faced with two equally unfavorable alternatives[4].
Four of Henry's children with Elizabeth of York survived to adulthood. The eldest, Arthur, was made Prince of Wales, and would in time succeed his father as king[5]. The next was Margaret, who would marry James IV of Scotland, in a bid by Henry to strengthen relations with Scotland and at the same time weaken France's influence over England's neighbor. The third child and second son, named Henry, was named Duke of York, and in time would consider an ecclesiastical career, ultimately becoming an influential cardinal[6]. Courtiers noted the difference between Henry VII's two sons, with Arthur "being more like his father, a composed, if cool, figure", whereas his brother Henry "being a popular, gregarious prince". Though an illness spread through England in 1502, with Arthur being afflicted, he would ultimately recover, though with his health in a frailer state[7], which historians have attributed his rather early death to.
[1] OTL Wars of the Roses; called differently TTL due to butterflies.
[2] The fate of the Princes of the Tower is even more unclear TTL.
[3] This section is all OTL; all to provide a backgrounder for the rule of Henry VII and the survivor of his son.
[4] An expression also used in OTL, but used more TTL.
[5] Foreshadowing.
[6] OTL Henry VIII as the Cardinal-Duke of York is admittedly satisfying.
[7] Our second POD! In OTL 1502 Arthur died, leaving his wife Catherine a young widow - and subsequently becoming the first wife of Henry VIII.